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Principles And Practice Of Plumbing | by John Joseph Cosgrove



In preparing the manuscript for this book, the author's sole object has been to systematize and reduce to an exact basis, the principles that underlie the practice of plumbing. The necessity for accurate rules and formulas, instead of the empirical methods formerly employed, was often and forcibly brought home to the author when designing plumbing installations for large buildings. The scarcity of scientific information on this important branch of sanitation was quite marked. No book had ever been published that indicated the best kind of material to use for a given purpose, that told how work should be designed and installed to be perfectly sanitary, and that showed how to proportion the various parts with relation to the whole, so that a plumbing system designed and installed according to the text would give perfect service.

TitlePrinciples And Practice Of Plumbing
AuthorJohn Joseph Cosgrove
PublisherStandard Sanitary Mfg. Co.
Year1906
Copyright1906, Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co.
AmazonPrinciples and Practice of Plumbing
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-Publisher's Note
So unusual is it for a manufacturer to become a publisher, that a few words explaining our connection with Principles and Practice of Plumbing will probably not be amiss. An explanation leads us ba...
-Preface
In preparing the manuscript for this book, the author's sole object has been to systematize and reduce to an exact basis, the principles that underlie the practice of plumbing. The necessity for accur...
-Introductory. General Construction
Sanitation in modern building is given far more consideration than at any time in the history of architecture. Not only is this true in regard to the increased size of living rooms, the provision made...
-Requirements Of A Perfect System Of Plumbing
Among the many requirements of a perfect system of plumbing may be mentioned: First An adequate supply of water sufficient in volume and pressure to flush the various fixtures. Second Types of fix...
-Plumbing Systems. The Drainage System. The House Sewer
Plumbing systems for buildings consist of the drainage system and the system of water supply. Drainage systems include the house sewer, house drain, soil waste and vent stacks, branch fixture connecti...
-Methods Of Laying Tile Sewer
The usual method of laying tile house sewers is to dig a trench from the street sewer to the house that is to be connected, grading the bottom to as nearly the required slope as possible and laying th...
-Leveling Tile Pipe
The method usually adopted for leveling tile pipe is to place an ordinary spirit level on each length of pipe as it is laid, and raise or lower the free end of the pipe until the level shows it to be ...
-Tile Pipe Joints
The usual methods of joining tile pipes is to fill the annular space between the hub and spigot with cement mortar and bank it full in front of the joint. When the inside of the hubs and the end of t...
-Connection To Street Sewer
House sewers should be connected to street sewers at an angle of about forty-five degrees, except in the case of large brick street sewers, when the house sewer may enter at right angles. Connections ...
-House Drain
Definition A house drain is the system of horizontal piping inside of the cellar or basement of a building, that extends to and connects with the house sewer. It receives the discharge of sewage from...
-Clean-Out Ferrules
The body of clean-out ferrules (Fig. 7) is made of brass or cast-iron; fittings of either metal may be used, although cast-iron clean-out ferrules are the better. They are thicker, heavier, more rigid...
-Supports For House Drains
House drains should be firmly supported throughout their entire extent by rests or hangers spaced about ten feet apart and placed near the hubs and under branch fittings for rising lines. When the hou...
-Main Drain Trap
A main drain trap (Fig. 12) should be provided in every house drain connecting with a cesspool, septic tank or public sewer, to cut off sewer air from the house drainage system. The trap should be loc...
-Sewer And Tide Water Traps
Some street sewers are so small that water overflows the manholes in the street during excessive rain storms. When a drainage system is connected to such a sewer it should be provided with a tide wate...
-Floor Drains
In breweries, stables, washrooms, bottling establishments, hotel kitchens or other places where sufficient water is poured or splashed on the floor to maintain the seal of a trap, floor drains (Fig. 1...
-Size Of House Drains
A house drain should be large enough to carry off the greatest probable amount of water or sewage that will be discharged into it, without being too large to be self-cleaning. It should never be small...
-Size Of House Drains. Continued
The per capita consumption of water in many of the New York State hospitals average at present from 150 to 200 gallons of water daily. In the principal cities throughout the United States the per capi...
-Fresh Air Inlets
Definition A fresh air inlet is a pipe connected to the main house drain inside of the main drain trap, and extending to a point outside of the building where it is open to the atmosphere. Its object...
-Rain Leaders
Kinds Of Leaders Rain leaders may be divided into inside leaders and outside leaders. Inside leaders are located within some parts of the building secure from frost, and are installed by the plumber....
-Stacks And Branches
Definitions Soil stacks are those that receive the discharge from water closets and urinals, although they may also receive the discharge from other fixtures. They connect with the house drain in the...
-Examples of Installation
There are two systems of stacks and branches in use at the present time, the two-pipe system and the single-pipe system. In the two-pipe system siphon traps are used, and their seals are protected fro...
-Example Of One-Pipe System
This illustration, Fig. 23, should be compared with the illustration of a two-pipe system, Fig. 18. In the one-pipe system non-siphon traps are used without vent pipes. This method of piping reduces t...
-Outlets To Stacks Above Roof
In cold climates vent stacks should be increased in size where they pass through the roof. If they are less than 4 inches in diameter they should be increased to 4 inches; and if they are 4 inches or ...
-Roof Flashings
Where vent stacks pass through a roof the openings around the pipes should be made perfectly storm-tight, by flashings of sheet lead or copper. A good method of flashing for use in most climates is sh...
-Size Of Soil And Waste Pipes
Soil and waste pipes should always be the full size of the waste outlets from fixtures. The outlets should be sufficiently large to permit the fixtures being emptied quickly so as to thoroughly flush ...
-Supports For Stacks
Soil and waste stacks should be firmly supported at their base by a brick pier or iron pipe rest placed directly under the stack. If the house drain is suspended from the ceiling beams, a strong iron ...
-Fixture Traps
Siphon Traps Traps are fittings used to prevent the passage of air or gas through a pipe without materially affecting the flow of sewage. To successfully perform the functions for which they are inte...
-Self-Siphonage Of Traps
A trap can lose its seal from self-siphonage only when the waste pipe from the trap to the stack is unventilated and extends below the bottom level of the dip a of the trap so as to form the long leg ...
-Trap Ventilation
Back-Venting Traps Siphon traps, unprotected from siphonage by vent pipes, offer no security whatsoever against the passage of drain air into a building; therefore, any system of plumbing in which si...
-Example Of Back-Venting
An example of back-venting the fixture traps in an ordinary bath room is shown in Fig. 32. The chief conditions to be here noted are: (1) The height of the vent pipe where it enters the vent stack. It...
-Self-Scouring Traps
The chief objection to non-siphon traps heretofore has been that owing to their enlarged bodies they were not self-cleaning, hence they afforded a fouling place for the deposit of sediment. This objec...
-Commercial Types Of Traps
Offset Siphon Trap A common type of siphon trap is the brass trap, Fig. 36. This form of trap has many advantages, among which are the offset and slip joints, a, which make it adjustable. The pipe o...
-Connecting Several Fixtures To One Trap
When a number of wash basins are grouped together in a wash room of a factory, hotel, or other institution it is common practice to connect the waste pipes from all the basins to one trap. A better pr...
-Conditions Governing Use Of Grease Traps
Grease traps should be used to intercept the grease from all kitchen sinks in cities that have installed systems of sewerage from which storm water is excluded. Under such conditions, the sewers are s...
-Location For Grease Traps
A grease trap should be located as close as possible to the sink from which it receives the discharges. It should not be placed in the kitchen, however, on account of the offensive odors that would en...
-Type Of Blow-Off Tanks
A blow-off tank and connections are shown in Fig. 46. Water enters the condensing tank from the boiler through the pipe a. When released from pressure, some of the water instantly flashes into steam a...
-Refrigerator Wastes
System Of Piping In apartment houses, of the better class, refrigerator waste pipes are usually installed to carry off the drip from ice boxes in the several apartments. Fig. 47 shows the general sys...
-Mechanical Discharge Systems
General Consideration Mechanical ejectment of sewage is resorted to in cases where the street sewer is above the level of the area to be drained. This condition, however, is only found in the sub-bas...
-Centrifugal Pump Ejectors
There are three types of apparatus used to raise sewage to the street sewer, each of which has certain features to recommend it. When the volume of the sewage to be removed is large and the height to ...
-Piston-Pump Ejectors
When the volume of sewage to be raised is small or the height it is to be elevated is great, the piston type of pump will give the best results. The sewage should be screened, however, before entering...
-Compressed-Air Ejectors
Air ejectors are now more generally used for sewage ejectment than any other type of apparatus. They are automatic and almost noiseless in operation, are perfectly odorless, and have but few working p...
-Disposal Of Sub-Soil Water
When the street sewer is provided with a sub-sewer drain, as is usually the case in localities where the ground water is high, the proper place to dispose of sub-soil water is in the sub-sewer drain. ...
-Testing Drainage Systems
Methods Of Testing Two tests, a roughing test and a final test, should be applied to the drainage system in every building. The roughing test may consist of a water test or an air test, The water tes...
-Plugs For Traps
Special plugs are now made to stop the outlets to traps. Formerly it was common practice to fill the bottom of the main drain trap with Portland cement, or calk a disk of sheet lead into the drainage ...
-Drainage System Testing In Sections
It is sometimes necessary to test a drainage system in sections, so as not to delay the completion of other parts of the work. When testing in sections, all parts of the drainage system should be subj...
-Compressed Air Drainage System Test
The air test is applied by closing all openings, and then forcing air into the drainage system by means of an air compressor, until there is a uniform pressure of about 10 pounds per square inch throu...
-Water Supply Systems - Cold Water Supply Properties Of Water
General Data Pure water is a colorless, tasteless, odorless, limpid fluid, that is practically incompressible; for each atmosphere of pressure it sustains it is compressed only 47 1/2 millionths of i...
-Classification Of Water
Waters for domestic uses may be divided into two general classes; hard waters and soft waters. Hard waters can be either permanently hard, temporarily hard, or both permanently and temporarily hard. B...
-Solvent Power Of Water
Range Of Solvency Water is an almost universal solvent. Its range is greater than any other known liquid. It dissolves to a greater or less extent all minerals, and many metals with which it is broug...
-Effect Of Waters Upon Metals
The solvent power of water is not confined to minerals alone, but, under favorable conditions, will attack and dissolve metal from water pipes or from other metallic surfaces with which it comes in co...
-Effect Of Water Upon Lead
Water containing a fixed amount of oxygen and a varying amount of carbonic acid acts upon lead with an energy proportional to the amount of carbonic acid present. The action of water upon a bright lea...
-Effect Of Galvanized Pipe Upon Water
Zinc coatings on the surface of galvanized iron pipe are attacked and dissolved by some waters almost as energetically as is lead pipe. Zinc is also dissolved to a considerable extent from brass pipes...
-Absorption Of Gases By Water
Water has a certain affinity for most gases. This affinity is more pronounced for some gases than for others; for instance, at atmospheric pressure and at ordinary temperatures, pure water will absorb...
-Hydrodynamics Hydrostatics - Laws Of Hydraulic Pressure
The Hydraulic Gradient The surface of water at rest is always level. If two or more vessels are connected together near their bottoms and water is poured into one vessel, it will flow through the con...
-Pressure Of Water
The unit of water pressure is the pound per square inch. The pressure exerted by water is due to its weight and is determined by the height of the column of water. For instance, if the pressure exerte...
-Measuring Pressure
The pressure of water in closed systems is indicated by a pressure gauge. The construction of a pressure gauge is shown in Fig. 60. In this illustration the dial face is removed to show the interior c...
-Hydraulics Flow Of Water Through Pipes - Friction In Pipes
The flow of water through pipes is accelerated by gravity and retarded by friction. If it were not for the frictional resistance in pipes water would flow through them with a velocity equal to eight t...
-Loss Of Head In Bends
The loss of head, due to bends in a pipe, depends upon three factors. First, loss due to change of direction of the water in the pipe; second, loss from friction as in an ordinary straight length of p...
-Loss Of Head In Straight Pipes
Loss of head in straight pipes is caused entirely by the frictional resistance of the walls of the pipes; the rougher the walls, the greater the amount of frictional resistance offered to the flow. Fr...
-Flow Of Water Through Pipes Formulas
Velocity Of Flow When water flows through a pipe of uniform cross section, the quantity of water passing any point in a given interval of time depends upon the velocity with which the water flows and...
-Measurement Of Water
Types Of Water Meters Velocity Meters Classification The quantity of water flowing uninterruptedly through a pipe may be approximately determined either by calculation or by measurement. When the flo...
-Volume Meters
The Hersey Disk Meter, Fig. 70, discharges a known quantity of water at each gyration of the disk a, and is therefore a positive or volume meter. The principle of its operation is as follows: Water en...
-Meter Accessories
Fish Traps In localities where the water supply is obtained from rivers, lakes, reservoirs or other surface sources, fish traps should be used to prevent the introduction of fish, algae, weeds or obj...
-Water Hammer
If a column of water flowing through a pipe has its momentum suddenly arrested by closing a valve, the momentum of the moving water will produce an impulse upon the valve, and also upon the sides of t...
-Water Hammer. Part 2
When an air chamber of 320 cubic inches capacity was used, and with a velocity of 8 feet per second, the maximum pressure produced was less than that produced with a velocity of 3.5 feet per second wh...
-Water Hammer. Part 3
Water at atmospheric pressure will absorb 4 per cent, its bulk of air. If the pressure of water be increased it will absorb 4 per cent, its bulk for each additional atmosphere of pressure. Hence, if t...
-Quality And Strength Of Pipes
The safe working pressures that pipes will sustain depends upon the materials of which they are made and the thickness of their walls. The ultimate stress that a material will sustain before rupture e...
-Wrought Iron And Steel Pipes
Wrought pipes* are made in various sizes and weights and may be had plain, tar coated or galvanized. The weights of wrought pipe are designated as standard, extra strong and double extra strong; stand...
-Brass Pipes
Brass pipes of iron-pipe sizes are made in stock lengths of 12 feet, although special lengths can be had to order. The lengths are seamless drawn, can be had plain, polished, or nickel-plated and temp...
-Cocks And Valves
Gate Valves The two principal types of valves used to stop the flow of water in water supply systems are gate valves and globe valves. A gate valve is shown in section in Fig. 80. It is operated by r...
-Cocks
Ground Key Cocks May be either stop cocks for controlling water in a pipe, or faucets for drawing water at a fixture. The only difference is in their exterior appearance, the principles of constructi...
-Faucets
Fuller Pattern Faucets A very good type of faucet for low pressure work is shown in section in Fig. 87. This type of cock is quick closing and closes with the pressure, a rubber packing, a, effecting...
-Service Pipe Connections
Details Of Installation Small service pipe connections to street mains are usually made by drilling and then tapping with a pipe thread the street main. A brass corporation cock, a, Fig. 91, to which...
-Actual Internal Diameters
In Table XXXVI figures above the diagonal line refer to standard wrought pipes the diameters of which vary a little from the actual diameters given. In the lower part of the table the figures refer to...
-Distributing Manifolds
In piping a building for water supply some system should be observed whereby all rising lines will start from some common point centrally located. By observing such a system, all supply lines can be c...
-System Of Valving
System should be observed in the arrangement of valves so that in case of emergency, without loss of time, water can be cut off from the line affected. A system of valving should consist not only of c...
-Pumps Lift Or Suction Pumps
Principles Of Operation The operation of a suction pump is dependent on and its efficiency limited by atmospheric pressure. If there were no atmospheric pressure there could be no suction lift to a p...
-Force Pumps
Suction pumps are limited in the height to which they can deliver water by the atmospheric pressure at the elevation where they are installed; furthermore, they cannot be used to circulate water throu...
-Steam Pumps
Single Direct-Acting The type of steam pump most commonly used for house pumps is a single direct-acting pump shown in Fig. 100. The operation of the pump is as follows: Steam enters the cylinder, a,...
-House Pumps
Quimby Screw Pump Electrically driven pumps are now extensively used in connection with domestic water supplies to raise water to the house tank. A type of electrically driven pump extensively used i...
-Suction Tanks
If large steam pumps, such as are used for fire pumps and to fill house tanks on tall buildings, were allowed to pump water direct from the city mains, they would cause considerable annoyance while op...
-Complete Mechanical Equipment
An illustration of the complete mechanical equipment of a water supply system in a building supplied with street and tank pressure is shown in Fig. 105. Two separate water service pipes from mains in ...
-Fire Lines
System Of Installation Fire lines are now generally-installed in all large buildings. A typical arrangement of pipes for fire service is shown in Fig. 106. In this system the lines are cross-connecte...
-Purification Of Waters Filtration Rapid Sand Filtration
Theory Of Filtration Water for municipal supply may be classed, according to the source from which it is obtained, as surface waters or as ground waters. Waters obtained from streams, rivers, lakes, ...
-Gravity Type Filter
A filter of the subsidence gravity type is shown in Fig. 109. Unfiltered water, to which coagulant has been added, enters the subsidence basin beneath the filter and usually tangent to the circumferen...
-Coagulant Pump
To secure the best results the amount of coagulant used must be proportioned to the condition of the water; the amount varies from one-quarter grain to two grains per gallon, the exact amount for any ...
-Filtration Controllers
After filter beds have been cleaned the rate of filtration, for a while, is much faster than at other times, and is often too great for efficient results. Under working conditions an excessive rate of...
-Efficiency Of Gravity Filters
The bacterial efficiency of gravity filters depends upon the use of coagulants. If clear water for industrial purposes is wanted, it may be had by filtering through sand without coagulant, but for dom...
-Softening Of Water
Economy Of Soft Waters Throughout the Mississippi Valley and in other parts of the United States where municipal water supplies are obtained from artesian wells drilled to the underlying St. Peter or...
-Water Softening Apparatus
An apparatus for softening water consists of a mixing chamber for the chemical reagents, a settling basin for the treated water after the reagent is added and a filter to remove from the softened wate...
-Hot Water Supply - Water Heating Apparatus Properties Of Heat
Transfer Of Heat When two bodies of different temperatures are near each other a transfer of heat takes place from the hotter to the colder body. This tendency towards maintaining an equilibrium of t...
-Temperature Of Fires
Temperature tests of a fire by observation can be told in a fairly exact manner by Table XLVII. Table XLVII - Temperature Of Fires Appearance of Fire Approximate Temperature, Fahr...
-Properties Of Hot Water
Expansion Of Water When water at or above the temperature of 39.1 degrees Fahr. is heated, it expands in volume. The temperature 39.1 degrees Fahr. is known as the point of maximum density. When wate...
-Boiling Point Of Water
The temperature at which water boils varies with the pressure. In a vacuum of 13.69 pounds below atmospheric pressure water boils at a temperature of 102.018 degrees Fahr. At atmospheric pressure, whi...
-Circulation Of Water
Water is a poor conductor of heat. It cannot be heated by conduction or by radiation. If heat is applied to the top of a vessel of water, but slight rise of temperature will result. Water must be heat...
-Waterbacks
The hollow casting forming part of the fire-box lining of kitchen ranges, and through which water circulates and is heated for storage in the range boiler, is commonly known as a water-back. In most w...
-Water Heaters
A magazine feeding water heater, such as is used for heating large quantities of water in apartment houses, barber shops, bathing establishments, etc., is shown in section in Fig. 119. It consists sim...
-Smoke Flues
It is important that a good chimney flue, straight and smooth inside and proportioned to the area of the grate, be provided for each water heater. No other smoke pipe should be permitted to connect to...
-Incrustation Of Water Heaters
An apparatus for automatically feeding soda ash or other precipitating chemicals to hard water is shown in Fig. 121. This apparatus is used in connection with waterbacks and water heaters to prevent t...
-Steam Coils
Water in tanks is sometimes heated by a steam coil immersed in the water. This method of heating has the advantage of requiring no care whatever, and saves the labor, expense and dirt of an extra fire...
-Commingler
An apparatus for noiselessly heating water by direct contact in a closed circuit is shown in Fig. 126. This apparatus is known as a commingler, and takes the place of, and is connected to, a storage t...
-Steam Required To Heat Water
The weight of steam required to heat a given quantity of water from a certain temperature to boiling point can be found by the following rule: Rule Multiply the number of pounds of water to be heate...
-Heating Water By Gas
Instantaneous Water Heaters are not extensively used for heating large quantities of water, nor for heating water to a high temperature. They are used chiefly for heating water for bathing or other li...
-Gas Water-Heater
This kind of water heater is used to heat water under pressure, and to a higher temperature than 130 degrees. It takes the place of a waterback for heating water to be stored in a tank, or may be used...
-Automatic Water Heaters
This kind of heater, Fig. 130, may be set up in the cellar or any other convenient place in a building. The hot water supply should then be connected to it in such a manner that all water to be heated...
-Automatic Water Heaters. Continued
The capacities, dimensions and weights of the three grades of cold weld boilers can be found in Table LVI. Table LVI - Capacities Of Cold Weld Boilers Standard Extra Heavy Do...
-Mud Drum For Boilers
In localities where the water supply carries large quantities of clay or loam in suspension, a boiler with a mud drum or sediment chamber, Fig. 131, should be used. The boiler will then serve as a se...
-Supports For Boilers And Tanks
Range boilers are usually placed alongside the kitchen range in a vertical position where they rest upon a cast iron boiler stand. When range boilers are placed horizontally they usually rest on iron ...
-Boiler And Tank Connections
Connections between tank and heater should be made with copper, brass or iron pipe. Lead pipe is unsuitable for hot water connections, as it expands when heated and upon cooling does not contract to i...
-Double Heater Connections To Boilers
Two or more heaters are sometimes connected to one boiler. For instance, a coal or gas heater is sometimes used to heat the water during summer months, and a steam coil used to heat the water during w...
-Overheated Water
As previously stated, the relation between the boiling point of water (which also is the generating point of steam) and pressure is absolute. Under a given pressure water will boil and steam will gene...
-Draft Regulators
An apparatus used to regulate the drafts of a water heater is shown in Fig. 136. It consists of a chamber, a, en-closed in a casting, d, with an annular space between them for water to circulate throu...
-Steam Coil Regulators
A regulator used for controlling the supply of steam to heating coils in tanks, is shown in Fig. 137. It is operated by means of the unequal expansion of two different metal bars, a, which when heated...
-Circulation Pipes
Hot water pipes that are extended any great distance to a fixture or group of fixtures should be provided with a circulation pipe through which hot water can circulate and thus be close to the faucets...
-Expansion Of Pipes
Water pipes expand or contract for every change of temperature to which they are subjected. To provide for this, in all tall buildings expansion loops are placed in both hot water and circulation pipe...
-Pipe Coverings
Hot water pipes and hot water tanks that are uncovered lose by radiation from their surface about 13 B. T. U. per minute per square foot of surface. To prevent this loss of heat and consequent extra c...
-Plumbing Fixtures - Classification Of Fixtures Introductory Remarks
Plumbing fixtures are here considered solely from a sanitary point of view. Types are discussed but not the various modifications or makes. Those may be seen in the show rooms of plumbing supply house...
-Requirements Of Sanitary Fixtures
To be perfectly sanitary, plumbing fixtures must be made of some non-absorbent, non-corrosive material that is not easily cracked, crazed or broken, and that has perfectly smooth surfaces to which soi...
-Soil Fixtures - Water Closets
Requirements Of A Sanitary Closet To be efficient and sanitary, a water closet should be made of porcelain enameled iron or of porcelain, and must be absolutely free from working mechanism within the...
-Siphon-Jet Closets
The best type of water closet yet designed, is the siphon-jet closet shown in section in Fig. 144. This closet is vitreous, smooth, impervious and contains a large body of water in a receptacle so sha...
-Water Closet Seats
Water closets should never be enclosed with woodwork; all except the very cheapest closets are now made with lugs to which seats can be attached. When not so constructed, the seat can be fastened to t...
-Soil Pipe Connection To Closets
The usual method of fastening water closets to the lead soil pipe is to solder a brass floor flange, Fig. 147, to the lead soil-pipe and then secure the closet to the floor flange by means of brass bo...
-Flush Tanks
Water closets should always be flushed with water from a flush tank, or through a specially constructed flush valve of large area that is supplied with water through a distributing system separate fro...
-Flush Valves
A valve for flushing water closets, urinals or slop sinks is shown in section in Fig. 149. It is known as the Vimometer and is operated in the following manner: When not in operation the parts are all...
-Size Of Pipes For Vimometers
Care must be taken when installing vimometer systems to proportion the pipes so each valve will have an adequate supply of water. No pipe in the system should be smaller than 1 1/2 inches in diameter,...
-Ventilation Of Closet Compartments
Rooms in which water closets are situated should be well ventilated to insure a frequent change of air. This requirement is absolute in large toilet rooms containing many washout or other non-deodoriz...
-Bidets
A bidet, Fig. 151, is a form of sitting bath for use after using the closet, and for the administration of injections and treatment of haemorrhoids. They are made of porcelain enameled iron, and of po...
-Slop Sinks
A slop sink at which to draw water for scrubbing and general cleaning and in which to empty soiled scrubbing water and other slops, should be provided in every building. In a cottage a slop sink on th...
-Hospital Slop Sinks
A hospital slop sink is shown in Fig. 155. The bowl of the sink is shaped like a closet bowl converging toward the outlet which is large and unobstructed by a strainer. The sink is flushed through a f...
-Scullery Fixtures Sinks
Kitchen Sinks Sinks may be divided into two classes, kitchen sinks and pantry sinks. Kitchen sinks are located in the kitchen and are used in the preparation of meals, washing of dishes and other dut...
-Pantry Sinks
Copper Pantry Sinks Pantry sinks are made of copper and of porcelain. They are used chiefly in cleaning silverware, cut glass and china, also for drawing water for table use. Copper sinks are made in...
-Laundry Trays
Laundry Trays, Fig. 157, are used to wash clothes in. There are three tubs in a full set, and when properly installed they are supplied with hot and cold water and are connected by a waste pipe to the...
-Laving Fixtures Lavatories
Sanitary Requirements The principal sanitary requirements of lavatories are a smooth, impervious service, large unobstructed outlet, an overflow channel accessible for cleaning and no crevices for th...
-Decimal Fractions Of A Foot
Measurements expressed in fractions of an inch can be converted into decimal fractions of a foot by the following rule : Rule Multiply the measurement expressed in fractions of an inch by 1/12, and ...
-Decimal Equivalents Of An Inch
Measurements that are expressed in fractions of an inch can be converted into decimal fractions by dividing the numerator by the denominator. Example What is the decimal equivalent of 1/8 of an inch...
-Decimals Of A Square Foot
Measurements taken in square inches can be converted into decimals of a square foot by dividing the number of square inches by 144, which is the number of square inches contained in a square foot. Ex...
-Area Of A Circle
To find the area of a circle, square the diameter and multiply by .7854. Squaring the diameter means multiplying the length of the diameter by itself. Example What is the area of a circle having a d...
-Tests Of Non-Siphon Traps
The following is a brief synopsis of the results of tests of several well known non-siphon traps. The tests were conducted in Trenton, N. J., October 9, 1903, under the auspices of the board of health...
-Test Of The Cudell Trap
This trap contained 13 1/2 ounces of water and a seal of 2 1/4 inches. After 5 seconds' test, 6 ounces of water remained in the trap, which had a seal of 1 inch. The trap was again filled and tested f...
-Wrought-Iron And Steel Pipe
The relative merit of iron and steel has been a mooted question wherever steel has supplanted iron in any branch of engineering construction or mechanical installation. The two metals, however, have f...
-Strength Of Wrought Pipe
Tensile Strength Wrought pipes are made much thicker and stronger than is necessary to withstand the internal pressures to which under ordinary conditions they are subjected. This additional thicknes...
-Torsional Strength Of Pipe
As would be expected from the greater tensile strength of steel and from the greater strength of a steel weld, steel pipe will withstand a much greater degree of torsional stress, without failing at t...
-Threading Wrought Pipe
As tensile strength of a metal is the resistance it offers to its fibers being torn apart, it follows as a natural consequence that steel pipe, which is the stronger and tougher of the two, is harder ...
-Relative Corrosion Of Iron And Steel Pipe
The greater amount of energy required to thread steel pipe with common dies was perhaps not the chief factor operating to prevent the more extensive use of steel pipe, so much as was the widespread be...
-Electrolysis Of Pipes
No data are available showing the relative life of wrought-iron and steel when exposed to electrolysis. However, it may be stated that the life of pipe when exposed to the pitting caused by electricit...
-Metallurgy of Steel
Knowledge, has had the good effect of causing many to turn their attentions to the improvement of steel in this important quality. It is well known that an addition of twenty-six per cent, nickel inc...







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