The Construction Of The Modern Locomotive | by George Hughes
Many books have been written upon Railways and Railway work, both from a non and semiprofessional point of view, which no doubt supply some particular want, but the author trusts that the present work may prove acceptable in a wider sense, not only to those who are engaged in responsible management and designing, but also to the thousands occupied in the workshops and on the footplate.
| Title | The Construction Of The Modern Locomotive |
| Author | George Hughes |
| Publisher | Spon & Chamberlain |
| Year | 1894 |
| Copyright | 1894, Spon & Chamberlain |
| Amazon | The Construction Of The Modern Locomotive |
Stand A. E., Engine.
Dedicated to J. A. F. Aspinall, Esq., M. Inst. C.E., Etc., Chief Mechanical Engineer To The Lancashire And Yorkshire Railway, As A Cordial And Grateful Acknowledgment Of Much Kindness Shown To The Author During The Past Seven Years.
Preface- Many books have been written upon Railways and Railway work, both from a non- and semi-professional point of view, which no doubt supply some particular want, but the author trusts that the present wo...
- Section I. The Boiler
- In all well-regulated boiler shops, whether the plates are manufactured on the ground or bought from the steel makers, the tenacity of every plate used is known, and the number of that plate registere...
- The Boiler. Part 2
- The workmanship is of a finished and accurate character all rivets completely filling the holes, which are slightly countersunk under the rivet heads, all holes in the plates and flanges being perfect...
- The Boiler. Part 3
- After the plates are drilled they are marked for lap by using the butt strip template at each end, thus: - The template is laid on and steadying pins put through the holes, the ends marked with a scri...
- The Boiler. Part 4
- The sides and top of the fire-box shell are made in one plate. The front, throat or saddle plate of the fire-box shell is flanged forward and double-riveted to the boiler. Figs. 6 and 11, The back pla...
- The Boiler. Part 5
- On marking the holes off in the throat plate, first try for levelness, then carry the vertical centre line round the flange, previously marked on the plate by the flanger, and cramp on the half templa...
- The Boiler. Part 6
- Afterwards place a long straight-edge across the three and level the boiler longitudinally, and mark along the casing for the expansion bracket, the holes for which have been drilled at the same time ...
- The Boiler. Part 7
- The inside fire-box shell is made from the best quality copper plates, having a tenacity of from 13 to 14 tons per square inch, 45 per cent, elongation on 8 inches, and 50-60 per cent, contraction of ...
- The Boiler. Part 8
- The wash-out door is a well annealed steel casting, riveted to the under side of the boiler in front of the fire-box, the cover being made with a cone joint. Brass taper mud plugs are placed at the fr...
- Section II. The Foundry. Part I. Iron
- During the past few years, the encroachment of steel castings upon the sphere of pig iron has been very extensive, and perhaps this statement may also forcibly apply itself to the forge and smithy. In...
- The Foundry. Iron. Part 2
- The facing sand for large castings consists of red sand, road sand, coal dust and horse manure, whereas for smaller work it is of a very much simpler composition, viz., red and black sand only, whilst...
- The Foundry. Iron. Part 3
- It is advantageous to have two cupolas, and work them alternately, the common sizes being from 2 feet 6 inches to 4 feet, and the total height of the blast stacks varying according to the work and nat...
- The Foundry. Iron. Part 4
- It is almost impossible to work a cupola to a time-sheet, as one day it may be wanted to work fast, or perhaps two may be on together; another day cold or hot, hard or soft, according to the quality o...
- The Foundry. Iron. Part 5
- When the cylinders are not moulded from iron patterns on a machine, the following method may be taken as an example: - The top half or steam chest portion is placed at the bottom, in order to get all ...
- The Foundry. Iron. Part 6
- As the cylinders may be taken as the best examples of setting cores and securing their vents, the foot or drag plate may be taken as an example of an irregular joint, and the setting and wedging of ch...
- The Foundry. Iron. Part 7
- The metal in these castings being so thin, great care must be exercised or many will be lost in contraction, For this reason the cores contain more cinders than usual, especially the sand-box, where t...
- Part II. The Use Of Steel Castings
- The introduction of trustworthy mild steel castings has replaced locomotive iron castings and forgings to the extent of about forty articles, and is still increasing. These are illustrated by Figs. 87...
- The Use Of Steel Castings. Part 2
- A peculiarity relating specially to steel castings, is the great diversity of opinion and want of uniformity in specifications. Different engineers have different ideas both as regards the quality req...
- The Use Of Steel Castings. Part 3
- Tables III. and IV. give the results obtained in a series of experiments on the transverse strengths and torsional resistance of unhammered, annealed steel castings, the specimens being cut from crank...
- Part III. Brass Foundry. Copper And Its Alloys
- Copper has the capability of forming a combination with nearly all the metallic elements, producing compounds different in character from their component parts, possessing all the physical and chemica...
- Bronzes, Copper-Tin Alloy
- Copper and tin mix well in almost all proportions, forming a class of alloys generally spoken of as bronzes, sometimes having incorporated with them lead, antimony, manganese and phosphorus, with iron...
- Brass. White Metals. Other Alloys
- Brass The alloys of copper and zinc may generally be accepted under the term of brass. They are made in great variety of physical properties and appearances, varying from the colour of the latter met...
- Melting
- This will either be crucible or open-hearth. A good crucible must he able to withstand the effects of the chill when drawn from a furnace of high temperature and immediately exposed to the atmosphere,...
- Moulding
- In the present section, dealing with the moulder's work in the brass foundry, in order to entirely separate and distinguish it from that in the iron foundry, the illustrations are of the patterns used...
- Moulding. Part 2
- Figs. 146-148 give views of the slide valve, the importance of which has already been demonstrated, especially relating to the metal from which it is cast. By adopting the following method of moulding...
- Moulding. Part 3
- Fig. 187 is a sectional elevation on a plane at right angles with the face of the flange forming the junction with the boiler, the section being taken through the water and overflow cocks, and the axi...
- Section III. Forgings. Part I. Forge
- Although the manufacture of plates and tires does not come strictly under the head of locomotive building, the forge work would not be complete without some notice, however slight, of such operations....
- Forge. Part 2
- Iron forgings from puddled bars are generally formed from piles 15 inches wide, 18 inches long, and about 10 to 12 inches high, heated, re-heated and worked until all cinder and slag are removed, and ...
- Forge. Part 3
- In the present case the ingot is drawn down by a 35-ton duplex hammer to a slab 24« inches by 12 inches, Figs. 219 and 220, and immediately brought to the hot saw, and sawn as indicated by Fig. 219, ...
- Forge. Part 4
- All the hammer blocks have a radius of about two inches at one edge, this being used for all forgings requiring a similar radius or larger; but if smaller, it is set in with a bar. The middles are dra...
- Forge. Part 5
- When a solid cross-head is not used, but a steel casting, as shown in Figs. 89 and 90, p. 89, or when a shank is not cast to the cross-head and drawn down, Fig. 245 shows the hammer blocks used in for...
- Part II. Smithy, Including Springs
- Undoubtedly the smith's art is of great antiquity, and it is sometimes a question why the early artificers in metals should have blended copper and tin, during the bronze period, before creating what ...
- Smithy, Including Springs. Part 2
- The method of scarfing is an important factor in producing a sound weld, for upon it depends the ease with which the slag is forced out when contact is made. In welding up, say, 2-inch bars, the most ...
- Angle Smithy
- The hydraulic Hanging press has considerably curtailed the work of the angle smith, but nevertheless there is much interesting work being done, as the author will endeavour to show. The anvil block in...
- General Smithy
- The work of the general smithy, as far as the locomotive is concerned, is very much cut and dried, but in a railway shop, the locomotive work is supplemented by highly interesting jobs for other depar...
- General Smithy. Continued
- Fig. 260. In relation to stamping with the drop hammer, which has come in for a considerable increment of usefulness during late years, in many forms and capacities, it may be generally...
- Spring Smithy
- The work of the spring smith has been considerably curtailed by the introduction of a compact machine, which combines all the processes of shearing, tapering, spearing, or shaping the ends of the plat...
- Spring Smithy. Continued
- Water should be kept clean, and it may be heated to about 100 F., 38 C, with a diminishing risk to cracking. Dip straight articles vertically, and here two opposite influences occur, for if ...
- Section IV. Coppersmiths' Work
- The solid drawn seamless tube has entirely dispensed with the old brazed seam for locomotive steam pipes. They range from inch to 7 inches or 8 inches external diameter, and arc a great advance...
- Coppersmiths' Work. Continued
- The injector and ejector steam pipes obtain their steam from the top of the dome, by the aid of a brass elbow instead of a bend. The injector delivery pipe conveys the water to an extreme distance fro...
- Section V. The Machine Shop
- Machine shop economy is summed up by developing every machine to its utmost efficiency, and obtaining the maximum output from each, consistent with the requirements and nature of the work, which can o...
- The Machine Shop. Part 2
- For general work the plain cylindrical cutter is the most effective and least expensive. As compared with a facing cutter, thero are teeth upon the periphery only; consequently it is less costly to ma...
- The Machine Shop. Part 3
- The work done by a cutter is afflicted by the number of teeth, speed, and feed. The feed being directly proportions to the number of teeth, then, if the most economical speed is determined, the quanti...
- The Machine Shop. Part 4
- In the fixing of this, advantage is taken of the holes for the crank pins, which have been bored out, so that by fixing standard mandrils in the T slots of the table, these rods are very expeditiously...
- The Machine Shop. Part 5
- The hornblocks, see Fig. 98, p. 90, are first planed for the frame seating to template, a quantity at once, at 21 feet per minute, and then sent to a vertical milling machine for machining the axle-bo...
- The Machine Shop. Part 6
- The wheels, Figs. 91, 94, p. 88, after being annealed and dressed up, come into the shop with the gits on. They are chucked by the aid of ordinary dogs to the face plate, and this git is removed by ...
- The Machine Shop. Part 7
- Each piston head is chucked and the cone bored. It is then fixed on a cone mandril, screwed tight up and placed between the lathe centres for turning the periphery and ring grooves. The rods are turne...
- The Machine Shop. Part 8
- Then it is placed between the lathe centres, that at the loose headstock end being a cone to fit the prepared opening of the cap seating 2711. Then the end of the casting 2710 is simply faced and turn...
- Section VI. Erecting Engines
- We have well-authenticated instances of rapid erecting, but it is not the author's intention to describe one of these. From 40 to 45 hours is a reasonable tune for erecting engines of the class shown ...
- Erecting Engines. Part 2
- The use of this tube and template renders the operation a certainty, and is fully appreciated by the operator after a trial. A straight-edge smeared with a very thin film of red lead is also tried ove...
- Erecting Engines. Part 3
- Fig. 308 The wheels and axles which have been mounted with boxes, big ends, springs, etc, are now put under, the horn stays and big ends coupled up, and the cradle, Fig. 304, placed under the driving...
- Erecting Engines. Part 4
- It will be seen at a glance, and can be easily demonstrated with a pair of dividers, that if the point j of the lower end of the actuating lever were attached directly to the point e1 on the connectin...
- Erecting Engines. Part 5
- During the trial, observations should be made relative to the clearance spaces in and about the motion and elsewhere, also that all pins, journals and bearings remain cool. The injectors should be per...
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