The Newer Knowledge Of Nutrition | by Elmer Verner McCollum
The use of food for the preservation of vitality and health
| Title | The Newer Knowledge Of Nutrition |
| Author | Elmer Verner McCollum |
| Publisher | The MacMillan Company |
| Year | 1922 |
| Copyright | 1922, The MacMillan Company |
| Amazon | The Newer Knowledge of Nutrition: The Use of Food for the Preservation of Vitality and Health |
By E. V. Mccollum, Ph.D., Sc.D., Professor of Chemical Hygiene in the School of Hygiene and Public Health, of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
Illustrated
Second Edition Entirely Rewritten
To Dr. C. Eijkman Professor of Hygiene in the University of Utrecht, Who First Produced Experimentally a Disease of Dietary Origin, This Book is Dedicated
Preface- The science of nutrition has now reached a stage of development where it seems highly desirable that its history should be written, notwithstanding the fact that at present it is attracting the attent...
- Chapter I. The Beginning Of A New Era In Nutrition Studies. 1. The Method Of Study Of Nutrition Problems
- Our knowledge of nutrition has progressed hand in hand with the development of the science of Chemistry. Chemical science has given us the clue to an understanding of the nature of the foodstuffs and ...
- 2. The Principal Components Of Protoplasm
- A plant structure or an animal body is an exceedingly complex system of chemical substances, many of which are themselves individually as complex in their structure as the most complicated machine. Th...
- 3. The Study Of Foodstuffs By Chemical Methods
- It became very early the principal activity of investigators in nutrition to discover and perfect methods for the analysis of foodstuffs, in order to determine the amounts of protein, carbohydrate, fa...
- 4. Advances In Our Knowledge Of Digestion
- The processes of digestion of food are so remarkable that they have been made the subject of extensive study by many of the ablest students of physiology and biochemistry. The chemistry of the fats an...
- 5. Students Of Nutrition Failed To Profit By Human Experience
- In several parts of the world restricted diets of a monotonous character have for centuries produced diseases in man. The only one of these which was at all common in the Western hemisphere was, scurv...
- 6. An Experiment Which Stimulated Investigations Along New Lines
- In 1906 an experiment was begun at the Wisconsin Experiment Station which had a far-reaching effect on the minds of students of nutrition. It was planned by S. M. Babcock, and was carried out by Hart ...
- 7. The Corn Plant A Better Ration For Cattle Than The Wheat Or Oat Plants
- It was not until the animals had been confined to the experimental rations for a year or more that differentiation in their appearance was easily observable. The corn-fed group was sleek and fine, and...
- 8. Vitality Of Young Depends On The Character Of The Diet Of The Pregnant Mother
- The reproduction records of these animals are of special interest. The corn- fed heifers invariably carried their young to full term. The young showed remarkable vigor, and were normal in size and abl...
- 9. Milk Production As An Index To Vitality
- Records were kept of the milk production during the first thirty days of the first lactation period. The average production per day per each individual of the corn-fed lot was 24.03 pounds; for the wh...
- 10. A New Method Of Investigation Was Necessary If Further Progress Was To Be Made
- This experiment confirmed the author's conviction that the only way in which the problems of nutrition could ever be solved was to work out the problem of the successful feeding of the most simplified...
- 11. Nutrition Studies Must Be Conducted With Small Animals
- Studies of this character must of necessity be carried out with small laboratory animals, because it is difficult and laborious to prepare the purified foodstuffs in sufficient amounts for the conduct...
- 12. The Problem Of The Importance Of Organic Forms Of Phosphorus
- As can be seen by the titles of several of the papers cited in connection with the feeding of isolated and purified food substances, one of the earliest explanations which occurred to investigators as...
- 13. Inorganic Phosphates Suffice For All Nutritive Needs Of An Animal
- In 1909 McCollum (26) introduced a new feature into experiments of this type by seeking to increase the variety of foodstuffs in the diet as far as possible, with the hope of obtaining success where o...
- 15. A New Opportunity To Compare The Nutritive Values Of Individual Proteins
- On the publication of the paper in which these experimental results were described in 1909, it appeared to be established that the long accepted views concerning what the diet must contain in order to...
- 16. Two Vitamins Were Present In Foods Supposed To Be Purified
- Unfortunately, for the progress of this branch of physiological chemistry, the diet which McCollum had employed successfully for the promotion of growth in young rats was something more than it appear...
- Bibliography. The Beginning Of A New Era In Nutrition Studies
- 1. Voit, von C: Physiologie des Stoffwechsels, 1881. Cited from Lusk, G. Science of Nutrition, 3rd Edition, 1917. Atwater, W. A.: Chemical Analysis of American Food Materials, Bull. 28, United States ...
- Chapter II. A Biological Method For The Analysis Of A Foodstuff. 17. Mccollum's Experiments Not Verified By Osborne And Mendel
- It was pointed out in the preceding chapter that repeated failures characterized experimental studies in which animals were confined to diets containing only the well established food principles. Thes...
- 18. Osborne And Mendel Prepare "Protein-Free Milk"
- Following their failure to nourish animals satisfactorily on a diet of isolated and purified foodstuffs, Osborne and Mendel (2) adopted what they apparently regarded as essentially the equivalent of a...
- 19. Students Of Nutrition Had Ignored The Observations Of Pathologists On Deficiency Diseases
- With this understanding of the experience and views of the various investigators of the subject of nutrition, it is of interest to look back from our present position and point out the problems waitin...
- 20. Funk Popularizes The Deficiency Diseases
- To Funk is due the credit of bringing to the attention of all the view that there are certain diseases which result from faulty diet, the fault consisting in a lack, relative or absolute, of one or an...
- 21. Mccollum Was Led By Osborne And Mendel's Results To Study Further The Purified Food Mixture
- It has been stated already that Osborne and Mendel (5) reported their failure to induce growth in young rats on a diet composed of purified casein, starch, lard and the inorganic salt mixtures employe...
- 22. Investigations On The Synthesis Of Complex Lipins By The Animal Body
- McCollum and Davis appreciated the fact that the animal body is capable of producing synthetically the complex lipins, or fat-like substances such as lecithin, which in addition to glycerol and fatty ...
- 23. Mccollum And Davis Discover The Unique Dietary Properties Of Butter Fat As Contrasted With Vegetable Fats And Body Fats
- When this paper appeared McCollum had already accumulated experimental data which led him to believe that there were very great differences in the nutritional value of fats from several sources. With ...
- 24. Osborne And Mendel's Observations On Butter
- Osborne and Mendel had discovered by this time the error of their conclusion that growth and well-being could be secured in animals restricted to a diet free from fats and containing but an insignifi...
- 25. Osborne And Mendel's Studies On Butter Fat And Other Fats
- Five months later Osborne and Mendel (10) described experiments entirely analogous to those of McCollum and Davis, in which their animals were confined to purified protein, starch, protein-free milk,...
- 26. Stepp's Experiments On The Indispensability Of Certain Lipins In Nutrition
- The results of these investigations recalled the fact that as early as 1909 Stepp (12) had described experiments in which he had found that bread prepared with milk was capable of maintaining adult wh...
- 27. Osborne And Mendel's Experience With "Artificial Protein-Free Milk."
- It has been pointed out that students of normal nutrition failed to make use of the observations of the pathologists during the decade between 1905 and 1915. In discussing the possible explanation of ...
- 28. The Confusion Concerning The Essential Nutritive Factors Previous To 1915
- It is easy now to see in the light of later experience why such skepticism existed regarding the necessity of hitherto unappreciated factors in the diet. Osborne and Mendel and McCollum had seen young...
- 29. How The Problem Was Cleared Up
- The manner in which the problem was finally cleared up as to the number of unidentified factors the diet must contain in addition to the long recognized fundamental nutrients, protein, carbohydrate, f...
- 30. Mccollum's Studies With Restricted Rations
- While the studies with rations restricted to a single plant source were in progress with cattle at the Wisconsin Experiment Station, McCollum, beginning in the year 1907, restricted the diet of rats t...
- 31. Formulation Of The Biological Method For The Analysis Of A Food-Stuff
- Chemical analysis shows the cereal grains to contain all the essential food substances for which we know how to analyze, and it was assumed as a working hypothesis that the only unknown factor contain...
- 32. Two New Viewpoints In Nutrition
- This series of experiments brought to light two new viewpoints in nutrition, one of which was - that the inorganic content of the wheat kernel, although it furnishes all the necessary elements, does n...
- 33. Proteins Not All Constituted Alike
- It has already been mentioned that the studies of Kossel, Fischer and of Osborne had made it clear that there should exist very pronounced differences in the value of the proteins from different sourc...
- 34. The Problem Which An Animal Meets In Its Protein Nutrition
- A good illustration of the problems which the animal meets in its protein nutrition may be had by comparing the digestion products of the protein molecule to the letters of the alphabet. The proteins ...
- 35. The Biological Analysis Of Polished Rice
- The investigations, the object of which was to find the cause of the failure of an animal to grow when restricted to wheat as its sole source of nutriment, were carried out in 1913, soon after the pub...
- 36. Demonstration Of The Necessity Of Two Vitamins In The Nutrition Of The Rat
- Further experiments were then conducted to find whether this unidentified substance which was being added accidently as an impurity in the milk sugar was the same as the substance with which Funk and ...
- 38. Mccollum And Davis Formulate An Hypothesis Regarding The Essentials Of An Adequate Diet
- As a result of these experiments McCollum and Davis (22) formulated in 1915 their working hypothesis of what constitutes an adequate diet. The diet must contain, in addition to the long recognized die...
- 39. Two Vitamins Necessary For Nutrition Of The Rat And Three For Man, Monkey And Guinea Pig
- This statement of the deductions which it seemed justifiable to draw from the experimental evidence at hand in 1915 can be applied to-day to the nutrition of the rat. It has, however, been found that ...
- 41. The Biological Method For Analysis Of A Food-Stuff Useful In Estimating Vitamins
- The biological method for the analysis of a food-stuff was first developed with a view to discovering the nature of the deficiencies of individual natural food-stuffs. For this purpose the food under ...
- 42. The Nomenclature Of The Vitamins
- The nomenclature of these recently discovered nutritive complexes is more or less in a state of confusion. Stepp (12), who is entitled to the credit of having first established the indispensability of...
- Bibliography. A Biological Method For The Analysis Of A Foodstuff
- 1. Rohmann, F.: Ueber kunstliche Ernahrung von Mausen. Allg. mediz. Zentralztg., 1908, No. 9. Abstract in Maly's Jahresbericht d. Thier-Chemie, 1908, xxxviii, 659. 2. Osborne, T. B., and Mendel, L. ...
- Chapter III. The Earlier Views Of Nutrition Problems. 43. Dr. Beaumont's Views On Digestion
- Although food constitutes the chief item in the expense of living among the wage-earning class, and is more intimately concerned with the promotion of health and strength than are clothing, shelter an...
- 44. Lavoisier Placed Nutrition On A Scientific Foundation
- The modern era of the science of nutrition may be said to have been introduced by the famous French scientist, Lavoisier, in 1780. He was the first to apply the thermometer and the balance to the stud...
- 45. The Specific Dynamic Action Of Food-Stuffs
- The early studies relating to energy metabolism led to the discovery that the protein of the food differs in one marked respect from either carbohydrate or fat, by its great stimulating effect upon me...
- 46. Energy And Protein Were Long Regarded As The Most Important Factors In Nutrition
- The remarkable researches of Voit, Pettenkofer, Rubner, Atwater, Lusk, Zuntz and Benedict on the metabolism of matter and energy in the body attracted deserved attention and for years occupied a large...
- 47. What A Food Analysis Is Intended To Show
- The food analysis consisted in the following determinations: The nitrogen content, from which the protein was calculated by multiplying the value found by 6.25, on the assumption that all proteins con...
- 48. Elements Of Weakness In The Standard Food Analysis
- The standard food analysis regarded of so great importance, had a number of shortcomings, as a method of determining the nutritive value of a food. By means of it the great differences in the make-up ...
- 49. Proportions Among The Mineral Elements In Food Long Regarded As Of Little Significance
- It was not possible to determine the adequacy of the content of our common foods in any of the inorganic elements until exact studies had been made to determine the efficiency of the animal body in ab...
- 50. The Objective Of Students Of Digestion
- It was fully appreciated by students of nutrition many years ago that the food analysis had its serious limitations, and the belief prevailed that the way to eliminate the defects of chemical technic,...
- 51. Limitations Of Value Of Chemical Composition And Digestibility Of Foods
- It will be appreciated in the light of what has been said that the chemical analysis of a food, and knowledge concerning its digestibility, even when its palatability is satisfactory, do not give any ...
- 52. The Study Of Supplementary Foods In Animal Production
- It gradually became the custom in Agricultural Experiment Stations to compare the effects of certain combinations of foods on the growth of young animals, and on milk production in cows. These experim...
- 53. The Conception Of Specific Effects Of Different Nutrients
- In 1900 nutrition studies made for the purpose of solving the problems of economic animal production had developed the conception of the specific effects of different foods on the development of the b...
- 54. Efforts To Study Food Requirements By Statistical Methods
- These dietary studies were all made after the plan introduced by Voit in Germany. Atwater made numerous studies of American dietaries, including the homes of laborers, professional men, students and o...
- 55. A Mistaken Idea Regarding Economy In The Purchase Of Foods
- When our knowledge of nutrition had advanced to this point it was natural that the idea of economy in food should attract a great deal of attention, because on the average, a half or more of the famil...
- 56. The Idea Of Physiological Economy In Nutrition
- It is the great merit of Professor Chittenden of Yale University to have introduced into nutrition studies the idea of physiological economy in nutrition (6). Numerous dietary studies in Europe and Am...
- 57. The Basis Of Chittenden's Views
- The reasoning by means of which the good results of this abstemious diet, and especially of the low protein intake, were accounted for is interesting indeed. A diminished intake of protein leads to a ...
- 58. Crichton-Browne's Views On Parsimony In Nutrition
- Chittenden's conclusions were not accepted by many students of human nutrition. A critical discussion of his experimental data and conclusions was presented by Benedict (7). He interpreted the digesti...
- 59. Older Experiments Not Satisfactorily Planned To Give Results Of A Conclusive Nature
- The question naturally arises how far are we justified in drawing conclusions from the data furnished by these experiments on the point of whether this is a satisfactory regimen to which man may safel...
- 60. Effects Of Faulty Diets On The Life History Of Animals
- Let us illustrate the principle we have in mind by the results of animal experimentation. McCollum, Simmonds and Parsons (10) restricted a large number of groups of young rats to diets which were faul...
- 61. Longest Experiments On Man Have Not Exceeded 5 Per Cent Of The Possible Life Span
- The Experiments of Chittenden and of Benedict covered but approximately 1 per cent of the expectation of life of the young men who served as subjects. They can scarcely be expected to be used as a bas...
- 62. "Optimal" A Better Goal Than "Normal" In Planning The Human Diet
- The studies of McCollum and Simmonds have introduced into the philosophy of nutrition the idea that the word normal is too indefinite a term, and less satisfactory than optimal to designate the st...
- Bibliography. The Earlier Views Of Nutrition Problems
- 1. Myer, J. S.: Life and Letters of William Beaumont, St. Louis, 1912. 2. Pettenkofer, M., und Voit, C: Untersuchungen uber den Stoffverbrauch des normalen Menschen, Zeit. f. Biol., 1886, ii, 537. 3...
- Chapter IV. The Nutritive Value Of The Proteins From Various Sources. 63. Protein The Most Prominent Organic Component Of The Body
- The most prominent component of the body tissues, the skeleton excepted, is protein. This substance is the basis of the muscles and glandular tissues, and overshadows all other organic compounds in re...
- 64. Gelatin Is An "Incomplete" Protein
- Gelatin, which results from incipient hydrolysis of connective tissue and the organic matrix of bone, is a protein of peculiar nature which early came to the attention of chemists. Gelatin and the cas...
- 65. Principal Objectives In Researches On Protein In Nutrition
- Researches in the field of protein nutrition during the last twenty-five years have had as their main objectives the solution of the following problems: 1. The digestibility of the proteins; 2. the nu...
- 66. Body Can Build Proteins From Simple Products Of Digestion
- The problem concerning the ability of the tissues to take a mixture of amino-acids and combine them into proteins for incorporation into living protoplasm, has been studied most adequately by Abderhal...
- 67. Gelatin Is Of Value When Supplemented With Certain Amino-Acids
- Kaufmann (9) conducted the first experiment of a type which has been greatly extended by others. He fed dogs on diets in which gelatin was supplemented with tyrosin, cys-tin and tryptophan to the exte...
- 68. The Experiments Of Willcock And Hopkins
- Willcock and Hopkins (11) made a study of the incomplete protein, zein, the principal protein of maize, which was comparable with Kauf-mann's studies with gelatin. Zein is entirely lacking in both lys...
- 69. Final Proof Of Protein Synthesis
- Folin and Denis (12), Van Slyke and Meyer (13), and Davis and Whipple (14) have shown beyond a doubt that protein is readily synthesized from amino-acids, for in the intestine, the protein is digested...
- 70. Does Growth Necessitate Amino-Acids In The Diet Not Essential For Maintenance?
- Geiling (16) digested casein of milk to the amino-acid stage and then precipitated the arginin, histidin and lysin with phosphotungstic acid as Henrique and Hansen (10) had done, and conducted experi...
- 72. Endogenous And Exogenous Metabolism
- In 1905 Folin (19) published three remarkable papers in which he made it clear that the process of the destruction of the greater part of the protein which is digested and absorbed daily, and of its c...
- 73. An Attempt To Differentiate Between Nutritional Requirements For "Repair" Versus Growth
- McCollum (20) attempted to utilize Folin's discovery as a means of studying the problem whether an amino-acid supply which is inadequate for the support of growth, would be satisfactory for maintenanc...
- 74. Experiments On The Synthesis Of Amino-Acids From Ammonia
- Almost simultaneously Grafe (21) announced that nitrogen equilibrium could be attained on a diet of carbohydrate and ammonium acetate. Abderhalden (22) repeated this work and found a partial utilizati...
- 75. Attempts To Prove The Superiority Of Proteins Of One's Own Species Over Foreign Proteins In Nutrition
- Michaud (26) sought to verify with experiments on dogs, the theory that the more similar the food proteins to those of the tissues which they are destined to form in the body, the higher would be thei...
- 76. Comparative Nutritive Values Of Individual Proteins
- During the past decade numerous experiments have been conducted with a view to determining the relative nutritive values of a large number of individual proteins. The proteins studied were in the grea...
- 77. Osborne And Mendel's Studies On Protein Metabolism
- There were three principal phases of protein nutrition which Osborne and Mendel discussed in the light of their data. The importance of their deductions is so great and the defects in their method so ...
- 78. Methods Of Comparing The Biological Values Of Individual Proteins
- One method which they employed to illustrate the striking differences in the values of the proteins from different sources for the support of growth, was that of feeding a series of groups of animals ...
- 79. "Protein-Free Milk" A Disturbing Factor In These Experiments
- Since the nitrogen contained in protein-free milk can act as a source of certain amino-acids, it is obvious that the true dietary value of any series of proteins which it is desired to compare canno...
- 80. Properties Of Protein-Free Milk
- Protein-free milk was prepared by acidifying with acetic acid, milk which had been freed from fat by centrifuging. The resulting whey, after the removal of the casein which flocks out on the additio...
- 81. Milk Contains Protein-Digesting Enzymes
- Babcock and Russell (33) and Freudenreich (34) demonstrated in milk the presence of protein digesting enzymes. The bacteria found in all market milks are in many instances capable of digesting protein...
- 82. Are Fewer Amino-Acids Essential For Maintenance Than Are Required For Growth?
- In 1912 Osborne and Mendel (37) performed an experiment which they interpreted as demonstrating the processes of maintenance as being of a lower order than those of growth, and that repair of tissue w...
- 83. Is The Mammary Gland Able To Synthesize The Amino-Acid Lysin?
- The observation that a female rat which had been restricted during 178 days to a diet containing gliadin and protein-free milk, was able to become pregnant and produce four young and to suckle these...
- 84. The Amino-Acid Lysin Is The Limiting Factor Determining The Value Of Certain Proteins
- There is no room to doubt that lysin is the limiting factor in this diet, but gliadin furnished decidedly more of this amino-acid than was at the time supposed. Some indication of the nutritive value ...
- 85. The Residual Nitrogen Of Protein-Free Milk Can Supplement Certain Incomplete Proteins
- The most striking illustration of the value of the nitrogen of protein-free milk as a source of amino-acids is seen in its supplementary relation to lactalbumin. The comparative values of casein, ed...
- 86. Lactalbumin An Incomplete Protein
- McCollum, Sim-monds and Parsons (42) restricted young rats to a diet which contained lactalbumin as the sole source of nitrogen and could not secure any growth, even with 18 per cent of protein in the...
- 87. The Nitrogen Of Protein-Free Milk Is In Part In The Form Of Amino-Acids
- Chemical studies which contribute to our knowledge of the nature of the nitrogenous constituents of protein-free milk have been made by Osborne and Wakeman (44), Denis and Minot (45) and Kennedy (46...
- 88. Feces Of Normally Fed Rats Served To Complete A Diet Of Purified Food Substances
- In some of these early experiments with purified food-stuffs, Osborne and Mendel (46) added about one gram per week's ration of dry feces of normally fed rats to their experimental diets. Animals whic...
- 89. Stunting Of Growth Through Inadequate Protein Does Not Result In Loss Of Capacity To Grow
- Osborne and Mendel fed young rats on diets which were fairly satisfactory in their composition with respect to all factors other than protein. Their content of protein was below the amount which would...
- 90. Correlation Of Nutritive Value Of Certain Proteins With Their Lysin Content
- Following the studies which led Osborne and Mendel (37) to conclude that the amino-acid lysin is not necessary for maintenance but is indispensable for growth, Osborne, Van Slyke, Leavenworth and Vino...
- 91. Mistaken Views As To Unique Importance Of Lysin
- Buckner, Nollau and Kastle (48) interpreted Osborne and Mendel's data as showing that lysin is primarily responsible for the stimulation of growth. They apparently regarded the planning of farm rati...
- 92. Other Amino-Acids Than Lysin Are As Important As Limiting Factors In Protein Nutrition As Is Lysin
- This view is reflected in the publications of Johns and his co-workers (50), who have emphasized the importance of discovering among the vegetable foods sources of proteins rich in the basic amino-aci...
- 93. Lactalbumin, Although Very Rich In Lysin, Is An Incomplete Protein
- A further illustration of the fact that no generalization can be made on the basis of available data, concerning the greater importance of lysin as a practical problem in nutrition, than certain other...
- 94. Several Other Dietary Factors As Important As Protein
- The problem of practical nutrition is really much broader than this, for protein constitutes but a single factor of importance in nutrition. The content of the essential mineral elements in the diet, ...
- 95. An Example Of Faulty Technic In Earlier Experimental Studies On Nutritive Worth Of Protein
- McCollum sought to compare in growth value the proteins of wheat, maize and oat kernels in young swine. He confined the animals in metabolism cages, thus making possible the collection of the excreta ...
- 96. A Method Which Affords A Fairly Accurate Comparison Of The Values Of Proteins
- The type of experiment which has thrown most light on the comparative values of the proteins of different foods is that first employed by McCollum and Davis (57) for showing the nature of the dietary ...
- 97. Every Seed Studied Contains Every Amino-Acid Necessary For The Nutrition Of An Animal
- These studies leave no room for doubt that all the amino-acids necessary for the nutrition of an animal are contained in the proteins found in each of these foods. Certain of these are, however, prese...
- 98. The Nutritive Value Of A Protein Depends On Its Yields Of The Indispensable Amino-Acids
- The work reviewed clearly establishes that the nutritive value of proteins is determined by their yields of the eighteen or more amino-acids which are formed on digestion. The more nearly these propor...
- Bibliography. The Nutritive Value Of The Proteins From Various Sources
- 1. Pettenkofer, M., und Voit, C: Untersuchungen uber den Stoffverbrauch des normalen menschen, Zeit. f. Biol., 1866, ii, 459. Scott, E. L., and Hastings, A. B.: Some phases of protein catabolism and f...
- Bibliography. The Nutritive Value Of The Proteins From Various Sources. Continued
- 40. Osborne, T. B.: Handbuch der biochemischen Arbeitsmethoden, E. Abderhalden, 1909. 41. Osborne, and Mendel: The comparative nutritive value of certain proteins in growth and the problem of the pr...
- Chapter V. Peculiarities Of Composition Of Proteins From Various Sources. 99. Certain Amino-Acids Are Demonstrated To Be Indispensable For Animal Nutrition
- In Chapter IV (The Nutritive Value Of The Proteins From Various Sources. 63. Protein The Most Prominent Organic Component Of The Body) a brief account was given of the experimental studies which estab...
- 101. The Hausmann Method Of Analysis Of Proteins And The Data Obtained
- In Table I is shown data regarding the constitution of different proteins as revealed by another method of analysis known as the Hausmann method. There is in every protein a complex which, when boiled...
- 102. The Content Of Arginin, Histidin And Lysin In Individual Proteins
- Table III (p. 96) contains analytical data obtained by a refined method for the estimation in proteins of the three diamino-acids, arginin, histidin and lysin. This method was devised by Kossel. In sk...
- 103. Variation In The Glutamic Acid Content Of Proteins
- Table IV shows the composition of a number of proteins of animal and vegetable origin with respect to glutamic acid. This amino-acid is a never-failing component of all vegetable proteins and of all a...
- 104. Conditions Necessary For The Comparison Of Proteins By Feeding Experiments
- In order to study the effectiveness with which the proteins of one food supplement those of another it is essential that diets be planned so as to be highly satisfactory with respect to all other fact...
- 105. Methods Of Procedure For Comparing The Biological Values Of Individual Proteins
- Several lines of procedure offer prospects of successful comparison of the relative biological values of mixtures of proteins. One is to feed a series of groups of young and growing animals a diet sim...
- 106. Individual Variation In Rate Of Growth Of Rats
- From the data given it will be seen that under the same experimental conditions and on the same diet the variation in gain of body weight amounted to as much as 75 per cent and the gains per gram of p...
- 107. Conditions Under Which Energy And Protein Are Used Most Economically By Growing Animals
- The data of Osborne and Mendel discussed above, have an interest quite apart from their worth as quantitative comparisons of the relative values of proteins. They support the view that Economy of foo...
- 108. The Method Of Mccollum, Simmonds And Parsons For Comparing The Nutritive Values Of Proteins
- A procedure introduced by McCollum, Simmonds and Parsons (5) for the study of the relative values of different proteins, or for the supplementary values of proteins from different sources, involves fe...
- 109. Importance Of Quantitative Records Of Food Consumption
- Many of these studies were severely criticized by Osborne and Mendel because, when rats were employed as experimental animals no accurate records were kept to show the exact amounts of food consumed b...
- 110. A Feeding Device For Measuring The Food Consumption Of The Rat Fed Dry Powdered Food
- Their plan did not admit of the inclusion of large amounts of fat in their food mixtures, because this procedure diluted so much the mineral content, protein content, etc., of any natural food under i...
- 111. Method Of Expressing The Relative Nutritive Values Of Proteins
- Results characteristic of excellent nutrition can be secured with diets planned as just described, in which the proteins are derived solely from milk, kidney, or a mixture of certain seeds, notably of...
- 112. Changing Food Consumption With Growth
- When a young animal is growing there is a constantly increasing need for food, and a progressive increase in consumption is observed. If two animals are fed diets which are alike except for their prot...
- 113. Appetite As A Factor Governing Food Consumption
- Their study of the role of appetite in regulating food consumption has led them to state: The experience which we have gained in measuring the food eaten by many rats at all periods of their growth h...
- 114. Supplementary Values Of Proteins From Different Sources
- Employing the method described above, in which an effort is made to determine the extent to which any protein or mixture of proteins falls short of the best quality yet observed in proteins, McCollum,...
- 115. Proteins Of Extraordinary Value
- Kidney, liver and milk proteins stand out as a group of foods containing proteins of unusual value. Among the cereal grains, wheat easily stands first in the quality of its proteins. There is little r...
- 116. Proteins Of Cereal Grains Do Not Supplement Each Other
- Without exception it has been found that two cereal grains fail to supplement very well the protein deficiencies of one another and accordingly animals do little or no better when fed 9 per cent of pr...
- 117. The Problem Of Estimating The Value Of Any Diet Is A Complicated One
- These observations, together with the data presented in another chapter showing the profound damage resulting from lack of sufficient of the essential mineral elements or of the three well established...
- 118. Chittenden's Experiments With Low Protein Dietaries
- Chittenden conceived the idea that a low protein dietary, when it is derived from a suitable variety of wholesome foods, will best meet the nutritive requirements of the body. He emphasized the logic ...
- 119. Animal Experiments Indicate That Liberal Protein Intake Best Promotes Health
- The systematic and very extensive nutrition studies on animals during recent years, seem to place in a new light the older literature relating to human nutrition. There is no instance in our experienc...
- Bibliography. Peculiarities Of Composition Of Proteins From Various Sources
- 1. Johns, C. 0., and Waterman, H. C: Some proteins from the Georgia velvet bean, Jour. Biol. Chem., 1920, xlii, 59. Johns, C. O., and Chernoff, L. H.: The globulin of buckwheat, Fagopyrum, Ibid., 1918...
- Chapter VI. The Dietary Properties Of Individual Food-Stuffs. 120. Results Obtained With The Biological Method For The Analysis Of A Food-Stuff
- In preceding chapters an effort has been made to give what we actually know about what constitutes in chemical terms a satisfactory diet, and the type of experimental procedure by means of which this ...
- 121. Wheat
- This is the most important seed grain used as food by all western peoples, and is second only to rice in respect to the quantity used as food for man. The latter is in greatest favor among peoples of ...
- 122. Wheat Germ
- This constitutes but 1.5 per cent of the entire kernel. It contains more than 35 per cent of protein. Bran forms about 15 per cent of the kernel and contains 17-19 per cent of protein. The remainder o...
- 123. Bolted Wheat Flour
- In point of quantity consumed, white flour is the most important article of diet of the American people, and is widely used in Europe. This is remarkable because it is notably deficient in more dietar...
- 124. Bolted Wheat Flour Need Not Be Condemned Because Of Its Deficiencies
- The attitude which one should take toward the discussion of the relative merits of bolted as against whole wheat flour is now easy to understand and appreciate. The latter is decidedly more suitably c...
- 125. Maize Kernel
- This cereal grain has dietary properties very similar to those of wheat. Its flavor and physical properties, however,, are very different. Since its proteins have none of the glutinous properties it i...
- 126. Vitamin Content Of Different Samples Of The Same Food Varies Considerably
- Much effort has been expended in recent years by a number of investigators, with a view to determining very accurately the vitamin content of different foods. It has seemed to McCollum and Simmonds, f...
- 127. Fat-Soluble A Content Of Yellow And Other Varieties Of Maize
- Steenbock and Boutwell (10) observed that yellow maize is far superior to white or red varieties as a source of fat-soluble A. They believed at one time that the fat-soluble A is in general associated...
- 128. Oats
- Rolled oats are used in America in human nutrition principally as a breakfast food. Oats have long been a principal food grain in Scotland. The oat kernel is comparable with wheat or maize in its diet...
- 129. Rice
- This is the most important cereal grain in the diet of more than half of the human race, especially that portion of the race in Asia and the islands of the Pacific, and is used to a considerable exten...
- 131. Peas And Beans
- These are seeds belonging to a class of plants known as legumes, which are able to utilize the nitrogen of the air for the purpose of synthesizing proteins during growth. Other plants have to secure t...
- 132. Osborne And Mendel's Studies On Legume Proteins
- Osborne and Mendel (14) were unable to secure any growth with pea and bean proteins when these were carefully purified and fed as the principal source of nitrogen in the diet, the proteins of the legu...
- 133. Soy Beans
- The soy beans have long been an important article of diet among the Chinese and Japanese peoples, and have been grown within recent years somewhat extensively in the United States. The dietary propert...
- 134. Peanut
- The peanut is a legume seed which is not only eaten in considerable quantities at times other than meal-time in the roasted state, but is extensively converted into peanut butter in which form it is e...
- 135. Cotton-Seed Flour
- This is a product which is prepared from the cotton seed. In its manufacture the oil, hull and a considerable amount of resinous substances are removed. This flour has a nutty flavor and an effort has...
- 136. Cotton-Seed Products Contain The Poisonous Sub-Stance Gossypol
- Cotton seed, and the press cake obtained in the manufacture of cotton-seed oil, contains a poisonous substance to which Withers and Carruth gave the name gossypol (21). The oil extracted from the seed...
- 137. The Leafy Parts Of Plants
- These have dietary properties very different from the seeds. The contrast between the state of nutrition which can be secured in omnivorous animals with suitable mixtures of leaf and seed, as against ...
- 138. Differences In Function Of Leaf And Seed As A Basis Of Predicting Dietary Properties
- It is interesting to reflect upon the reasons why the leaf of the plant should show such decided differences in its nutritive properties as contrasted with the seed. A consideration of the function of...
- 139. Thin Leaves Are Better Than Thick Ones
- From the dietary standpoint the quality of the leaf may vary to a considerable degree. Some leaves are thin, cellular structures which dry easily when separated from the stem. These have little reserv...
- 140. Tubers
- The tubers of certain plants constitute, after the seeds, one of the most important classes of energy-yielding foods. The white Irish potato is by far the most important of these in the temperate zone...
- 141. There Is Some Evidence That Potato Nitrogen Is Exceptionally Valuable For "Repair."
- There have been a number of experiments of short duration giving results which indicate that in the human subject the nitrogen of the potato is of extraordinary value for replacing that lost through d...
- 142. Fleshy Roots
- These are in a general way similar to the potato with respect to the relation between dietary properties and biological function. The roots we employ as foods are those which are highly modified as st...
- 143. Great Differences Are Found In The Fat-Soluble A Content Of Different Kinds Of Roots
- Steenbock and Gross (28) have studied the more important fleshy roots used as food in the United States for man or animals, especially with respect to their content of fat-soluble A. They adopted the ...
- 144. Fruits
- From the results of chemical analysis fruits appear to be closely comparable in their composition to the familiar vegetables such as the tubers and roots. They all contain much water, and varying amou...
- 145. Citrus Fruits Have Long Been Valued As Anti-Scorbutic Foods
- Certain fresh fruits, especially those of the citrus group, which includes the lemon, orange, lime and grapefruit, have long enjoyed popularity for their potency in preventing scurvy. This has been sh...
- 146. The Banana
- The banana has been studied as food for the rat by Benedict and Sugiura (32) and as a nutrient substance for the banana fly, Drosophila ampelophila, by Loeb and North-rup (33). The former investigator...
- 147. Nuts
- Nuts have not been extensively studied by the biological method. Little can be said of their dietary properties other than what can be deduced from their chemical composition and from their function i...
- 148. Animal Tissues
- These include veal, chicken, beef, pork, lamb, etc. They must be differentiated into two groups, on the basis of whether they are glandular organs such as the liver and the kidney or highly specialize...
- 149. Osborne And Menders Studies On The Vitamin Content Of Animal Tissues
- Osborne and Mendel (37) have shown that muscle tissue is very deficient in the anti-neuritic factor, water-soluble B, and in the anti-ophthalmic factor, fat-soluble A and that it contains but very lit...
- 150. Muscle Meats Differ Greatly In Their Dietary Properties From The Glandular Organs
- In meat eating of the type so common in America, in which ham, steaks, roasts, chops, and other cuts which are derived from muscle, are almost exclusively used, the only important supplementing effect...
- 151. Animal Fats
- These have been studied to determine their value as a source of fat-soluble A. This substance, it will be remembered, is especially abundant in butter fat, egg yolk fat and in the leaves of certain pl...
- 152. The Biological And Nutritive Properties Of Muscle Tissue
- The muscle tissue of an animal consists of highly specialized substance the chief function of which is to do mechanical work through contraction. In this process it derives the energy from glucose or ...
- 153. Dietary Habits Of Carnivorous Man And Animals
- The pronounced deficiencies of muscle tissue as a food-stuff naturally suggest the question as to the reason for the success of the nutrition of the strictly carnivorous animals. This explanation is f...
- 154. Certain Strictly Carnivorous Diets Are Successful With Laboratory Animals
- When we make a mixture of equal parts of blood and muscle and confine young rats to it they may grow in a fairly normal manner, whereas with either of these two tissues alone they will suffer disaster...
- 155. The Successful Rearing Of Young Lions
- An interesting example of the importance of making a proper choice of animal parts in order to make a complete diet, is afforded by the experience of those who have attempted to rear young lions in ca...
- 156. Dietary Properties Of Muscle And Those Of Glandular Organs Contrast Sharply
- Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the dietary deficiencies of muscle meats such as beefsteak, ham, roasts and others of this class. Scarcely anything more detrimental could be done to a young an...
- 157. Milk
- This is the most satisfactory single article of food which is suitable for consumption by man. It is not an ideal food when taken over a long period as the sole source of nutriment, but is the best on...
- 158. Milk Is Deficient In Iron
- The most marked deficiency of milk is in its content of iron, which is very low. The newborn mammal is provided with a store of this element in its tissues, sufficient to tide it over the period while...
- 160. Milk Is Frequently Soured To Preserve It From Unwholesome Decomposition
- Milk is not only the most perfect human food but is likewise an unsurpassed nutrient medium for the growth of bacteria. Hence it is very liable to become unwholesome through the agency of microorganis...
- 162. Eggs
- Eggs contain everything that is necessary for the growth and maintenance of the body, but are particularly lacking in calcium, and are unbalanced with respect to certain other food principles. Thus, e...
- 163. Sea Foods
- Foods of the class to which oysters, crabs and clams belong, assume a new importance in the light of the nutrition studies which have so clearly shown the inferiority of muscle meats as compared with ...
- Bibliography. The Dietary Properties Of Individual Food-Stuffs
- 1. Forbes, E. B., Whittier, A. C, and Collison, R. C: The mineral nutrients of blue-grass, Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 222, 1910. Forbes, E. B., Beegle, F. M., and Mensching, J. E.: Ibid., 255, 1913. 2...
- Chapter VII. The Vegetarian Diet. 164. Vegetarianism Generally Practised As A Dietary Fad
- There has always been a tendency for dietetic theorists to advocate the adoption of a fleshless diet. The proponents of this system have broken up into schools, the adherents of which differ in the fe...
- 165. Food Faddists Frequently Discredit Themselves By Their Philosophy
- While some of the arguments offered in sober earnestness in support of abstinence from flesh foods are suggestive of mental invalidism, others demand serious consideration and an answer based upon sci...
- 166. Meat Eating Cannot Be Condemned As Deadening The Moral Faculties
- A stock argument of radical vegetarians is that meat eating deadens the moral and intellectual faculties. One who reflects that Moses, David, Solomon and Jesus ate flesh foods cannot be deeply impress...
- 167. A More Valid Argument Against Meat Eating
- The more valid arguments concerning the use of meat as contrasted with the fleshless dietary regimen, are based upon the view that meat is unwholesome and that it contains waste products, which, becau...
- 168. Slonaker's Study Of The Vegetarian Diet
- The most elaborate attempt to test the relative merits of the strictly vegetarian diet as contrasted with the omnivorous type was made by Slonaker (4). He fed a group of young rats on a list of 23 veg...
- 169. Even With Wide Variety Vegetarianism Is Likely To Lead To Disaster
- The results of Slonaker's experiments were published in 1912, and just at the time when McCollum and Davis were securing the experimental data which revealed the differences in the growth-promoting po...
- 170. Rats Can Be Grown Successfully On A Strictly Vegetarian Diet
- McCollum, Simmonds and Pitz fed a group of young rats on a monotonous diet consisting of maize kernel 50, alfalfa leaf (dry) 30, and cooked (dry) peas, subsequently dried, 20 per cent. The three ingre...
- 171. The Cause Of Failure Of Slonaker's Vegetarian Rats
- The failure of Slonaker's rats to thrive on the vegetarian diet is to be explained on the basis of several faults. In the first place, the diet was of such a nature that the animals could hardly do ot...
- 172. Evvard's Studies On The Appetite As A Guide To The Selection Of Food
- At the Iowa Experiment Station, Evvard has conducted extensive experiments of a character which were intended to demonstrate that the appetite and instincts of the hog serve to enable it to make such ...
- 173. The Deficiencies In Inorganic Elements In Seeds Are Quantitative Rather Than Qualitative
- The cereal grains contain every inorganic element found in the animal body, and every one which is a necessary component of the diet, but in too small amounts in respect to three to enable the animals...
- 174. Vegetarianism Has Been Viewed From The Wrong Angle
- In the light of what has been presented in this chapter it will be readily appreciated that in the past the vegetarian diet has been discussed from the wrong perspective. It is possible to make a fair...
- 175. Some Characteristics Of Vegetarian Diets
- The diet which is strictly vegetarian will practically always be of relatively low protein content. The addition of even small amounts of meat, even of the muscle variety will be very valuable when su...
- 176. Certain Mineral Elements Are Essential To Normal Functioning Of The Tissues
- So much has been said in these pages of the importance of a suitable content of the mineral elements which the diet must furnish, that a few words of explanation as to the functions which they exercis...
- 177. Most Foods Are Too Poor In The Element Calcium
- The cereals, tubers and roots must be used in combination with calcium-rich foods such as milk, or leaves, and the addition of meats or eggs cannot take their place. The best type of diet is one which...
- Bibliography. The Vegetarian Diet
- 1. Jaffa, M. E.: Further investigations among fruitarians at the California Agr. Exp. Sta., 1901-1902. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bull. No. 132. 2. Fisher, L: The influence of flesh-eating on e...
- Chapter VIII. The Dietary Deficiency Diseases Scurvy. 178. The Relation Of The Diet To Certain Diseases Has Long Been Suspected
- There has long been a belief among both medical and non-medical observers that certain diseased conditions were the result of the continued use of a faulty diet. Of these scurvy has long been the most...
- 179. Some Of The Symptoms Of Scurvy
- Scurvy develops gradually. The sufferer loses weight, is anemic, pale, weak and short of breath. The gums become swollen, bleed easily, and frequently ulcerate. The teeth loosen and may drop out. Necr...
- 180. Lime Juice Occasionally Proved Disappointing As An Anti-Scorbutic Food
- Although the experience of the British navy and of several Arctic expeditions had thoroughly convinced physicians and officers of ships that lime juice was a specific remedy for scurvy, there were a n...
- 181. Many Lost Faith In The Efficacy Of Lime Juice As An Anti-Scorbutic Food
- The occasions when scurvy outbreaks were observed despite the regular use of lime juice, were widely advertised and aroused in the minds of many the suspicion that scurvy might not be due to lack of f...
- 182. Scurvy Attributed To Acidity Of The Diet
- Sir A. E. Wright (6) compared the symptoms of scurvy with those induced by large doses of mineral acids, and from their similarity drew the deduction that the syndrome was the result of acid intoxicat...
- 183. The Classic Experiments Of Hoist On The Etiology Of Scurvy
- Modern knowledge of the etiology of scurvy dates from the discovery by Hoist and Froelich of the University of Christiania in 1912 (7) that guinea pigs readily develop the disease when confined to a d...
- 184. The View That Scurvy Is Due To An Infection
- The work of Hoist and his co-workers did not, however, explain the etiology of scurvy to the satisfaction of all. In 1916 Jackson and Moore (9) made the remarkable observation that guinea pigs fed a d...
- 184. Mccollum And Pitz Drew Faulty Deductions From Their Experiments On Scurvy
- The significance of the observation that guinea pigs develop scurvy when fed on oats and milk seemed even more important to McCollum and Pitz (13) than to Jackson and Moore. McCollum and Davis (14) ha...
- 185. The Earlier Views Of Hess And Unger On The Cause Of Scurvy
- Immediately after the appearance of the paper of McCollum and Pitz, Hess (17) presented a study of infantile scurvy which seemed to support strongly the view that scurvy is not simply a deficiency dis...
- 186. Chick And Hume Confirm The Views Of Hoist
- In 1917 Chick and Hume, of the Lister Institute, extended the observations of Hoist and his co-workers by making a comparative study of the values of a number of food-stuffs as protectives against scu...
- 187. Milk Not A Very Effective Anti-Scorbutic Food
- It is necessary, therefore, that the diet should consist almost entirely of milk if, through its agency alone, scurvy is to be prevented. Chick, Hume and Skelton point out that this concept is consist...
- 188. The Rat And Certain Other Species Of Animals Are Immune To Scurvy
- Mention has already been made of the several factors that must be furnished by the diet in order to render it adequate for the nutrition of the rat (14). It has not been found possible to produce expe...
- 189. The Studies Of Cohen And Mendel On Scurvy
- In order to overcome these difficulties Cohen and Mendel (23) prepared a diet of cooked soy bean flour supplemented with 3 per cent each of sodium chlorid and calcium lactate, and dried brewer's yeast...
- 190. The Anatomical Lesions In Scurvy
- The two most noticeable conditions observable at autopsy are hemorrhage and fragility of the bones. The stomach, intestines and cecum may show congestion, hemorrhage or ulceration, but according to Co...
- 191. The Anti-Scorbutic Values Of Some Common Food-Stuffs
- It remains to record the more significant experimental data which show the distribution of the anti-scorbutic substance, and its tendency to be destroyed by heating, drying or aging, and its synthesis...
- 192. The Effect Of Heat On The Anti-Scorbutic Value Of Cabbage
- Delf employed cabbage which had been subjected to various temperatures for different lengths of time, and compared these materials with raw cabbage. The anti-scorbutic factor was found to be very sens...
- 196. Tomato Withstands Heating Without Complete Destruction Of Its Anti-Scorbutic Properties
- Hess and Unger (30) obtained good results with canned tomatoes in the prevention and treatment of experimental scurvy in guinea pigs. They also fed canned tomato to infants, substituting it for orange...
- 200. Rate Of Destruction Of Anti-Scorbutic Value Of Cabbage During Heating
- Cabbage heated in an oven for two hours at 75-80 C, then dried at 65-70 C. for several days lost its anti-scorbutic properties. Cabbage cooked for 30 minutes then subjected to drying for two...
- 203. The Anti-Scorbutic Value Of Some Concentrated Fruit Juices
- Harden and Robison (37) studied the anti-scorbutic properties of concentrated fruit juices. The volatile constituents of orange juice were found to be valueless. Orange juice was concentrated to a syr...
- 207. Relation Of The Food Of The Cow To The Anti-Scorbutic Value Of The Milk
- The studies relating to the anti-scorbutic value of milk are of special interest because of their importance in the nutrition of infants. It was shown some years ago by McCollum and Simmonds (41) that...
- 209. Effect Of Drying On The Anti-Scorbutic Value Of Milk
- Hess and Unger (48) state that drying does not necessarily destroy entirely the anti-scorbutic value of milk. The temperature and time of drying, and the condition of the milk at the time of drying, a...
- 212. Scurvy Among Infants Is Due To Unnatural Feeding And Is Relatively New
- It is interesting, in the light of the large amount of accumulated knowledge of the etiological factor in scurvy, which the last few years has brought forth, to correlate the history of human scurvy w...
- 213. Relation Of Pasteurization Of City Milk Supplies To Incidence Of Infantile Scurvy
- Underwood, in 1793, was the first to use cow's milk as a food for infants in his practice as a midwife (52). About the middle of the nineteenth century the manufacture and sale of proprietary foods be...
- Bibliography. The Dietary Deficiency Diseases Scurvy
- 1. History of materia medica, 1751. Article on scurvy grass, Cochlearia, p. 385. Hirsch, A.: Handbook of geographical and historical pathology, London, 1885, New Sydenham Soc. 2. Lind, J.: Treatise o...
- Chapter IX. The Dietary Deficiency Diseases. Beri-Beri And Polyneuritis
- 214. The Antiquity Of Beri-Beri Beri-beri is a disease of great antiquity, which was for a long time confined to Japan, the Dutch East Indies, Malay Peninsula, Philippine Islands, India and Southern ...
- 218. The Classic Experiment Of Eijkman On The Production Of Beri-Beri In Birds By Diet
- The most remarkable observation in the history of beri-beri, and the one which inaugurated the modern era of investigations in the field of nutrition was made in 1897 by the Dutch physician, Eijkman (...
- 222. The Germ Of The Rice Kernel Is Richest In The Anti-Beri-Beri Substance
- In none of these early experiments was the importance of the germ or embryo of the seeds recognized as of special importance. The cortical layer was regarded as the part producing the favorable result...
- 224. Sir Patrick Manson's Conclusions Regarding The Cause Of Beri-Beri
- Manson (13) deduced from all the evidence which he had accumulated, the theory that the disease was due to a toxin elaborated by a germ growing outside the body. He suggested that improper handling of...
- 226. Fletcher's Studies On Human Beri-Beri
- The researches of Eijkman, of Schaumann, and of Grijns led Fletcher (16), a physician in the Kuala Lumpur Lunatic Asylum in the Federated Malay States, to carry out a thorough experiment on human subj...
- 227. Many Grades Of Injury Less Severe Than The Clinically Recognizable Deficiency Diseases
- The tendency of those who have investigated the relation of the diet to disease, as in the experiments under discussion, has been to tacitly assume that a diet which does not lead to clinically recogn...
- 228. Further Investigations By Schaumann
- After Eijk-man's discovery that polyneuritis could be induced in birds on a subsistence of milled rice, Schaumann, in the next few years, showed that pressed yeast, wheat bran and dried testicle of th...
- 229. Schaumann's Designation Of The Anti-Beri-Beri Substance As "Activator."
- It has been pointed out that Schaumann in 1908, sought to explain the etiology of beri-beri on the basis of specific starvation for some organic phosphorus compound. Further studies led him in 1912 to...
- 236. Epidemic Dropsy, War Edema And Wet Beri-Beri
- There are recorded many instances of the occurrence of epidemics of dropsy during times of food shortage owing to famine conditions brought on by drought, flood devastation or war. In 1876-77 there oc...
- 237. Experimental Production Of Edema Through Protein Starvation
- Denton and Kohman (33) have conducted experiments with rats which seem to establish the fact that foods poor in protein and rich in water, tend to cause edema. They restricted young rats to a diet of ...
- 239. Relation Between Wet And Dry Beri-Beri
- It will thus be seen that there is convincing evidence that in wet beriberi, protein starvation is superimposed upon a deficiency of the anti-neuritic substance, water-soluble B. Wet beri-beri is a co...
- 241. Comparison Between Diets Which Induce Beri-Beri Or Scurvy, With Those To Which Pellagra Has Been Attributed
- Voegtlin (40) selected the following diet (Diet A) for one hundred patients in the Pellagra Hospital at Spartanburg, S. C, who were suffering from mild and uncomplicated pellagra. He regards this as t...
- 242. Appleton's Observations On The Diet Of Newfoundland And Labrador
- Appleton (42) has contributed valuable data relating to the character of the diet of the people of Labrador along the Straits of Belle Isle, and also observations on the relation of the faulty food su...
- 243. The Dietary Deficiency Diseases Must Occur Rarely In Man In The Uncomplicated Forms
- The specimen diets which are given above have another meaning aside from that just discussed. They show that on any of these diets a man would not suffer from a single deficiency, but from several, an...
- 244. The Prevention Of Deficiency Diseases Does Not Necessarily Insure Good Nutrition
- It should be emphasized, finally, that the addition to such a diet as is ordinarily observed in the Orient to produce beri-beri, of some article of food which will prevent the development of beri-beri...
- 245. Borderline Malnutrition, Not Causing Alarm, Of Greater Aggregate Importance Than Deficiency Diseases
- The data presented in this chapter, relative to the character of the diets of several groups of people in relation to the types of nutritive disaster which overtook them, serve well the purpose of ill...
- Bibliography. The Dietary Deficiency Diseases. Beri-Beri And Polyneuritis
- 1. Beri-beri in New Jersey, Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., 1914, lxii, 1117. 2. Kanehiro, Takagi: Health of the Japanese Navy, Lancet, 1887, July 9, 86. 3. Hoist, A.: The etiology of beri-beri, Soc. Trop. ...
- Chapter X. The Chemical Nature Of The Anti-Neuritic Substance, Water-Soluble B. 246. Schaumann's Views On The Nature Of The Anti-Beri-Beri Substance
- In the preceding chapter it was described how Schaumann, who was the first to extend the suggestive studies of Eijkman, attempted to identify the substance in rice polish -ings, which effects a cure o...
- 247. Funk's Studies On The Isolation Of "Vitamine."
- Funk (1) made the first elaborate effort to isolate and identify the anti-beri-beri vitamin. He found that alcohol would extract a part of the physiologically active substance from rice polishings but...
- 248. Other Suggestions As To The Nature Of The Anti-Beri-Beri Substance
- The preparation described by Suzuki, Shima-mura and Odake, and called by them oryzanin was certainly not a distinct compound, but a relatively complex mixture of substances extracted from rice polishi...
- 249. Williams' Investigations On Hydroxy Pyridins
- Acting on this clue, Williams (11) prepared certain -hydroxy pyridins and tested them for anti-neuritic properties by injecting them into polyneuritic pigeons. A number of cures were effected. O...
- 250. Williams And Seidell's Activation Of Adenin
- In a later publication Williams and Seidell (4) adsorbed by means of fuller's earth the anti-neuritic substance from autolyzed yeast. They then extracted the active material from the inorganic earth b...
- 251. Seidell's Silver Compound
- Recently Seidell (13) has described a method for the preparation of a relatively stable silver compound of the anti-neuritic substance. He discovered that fuller's earth has the property of absorbing ...
- 252. Robertson's Observations On Tethelin
- In this connection the work of Robertson (13) should be mentioned. He separated a crude lipoid fraction from the anterior lobe of the pituitary of the ox to which he gave the name tethelin. He carried...
- 253. Myers And Voegtlin's Procedure For Isolating The Anti-Beri-Beri Substance
- Myers and Voegtlin (14) report that they have been able to remove the anti-neuritic substance from autolyzed yeast by means of its solubility in olive oil or in oleic acid. They state that it is also ...
- 254. Harden And Zilva Fail To Confirm The Experiments Of Williams And Seidell
- Harden and Zilva (16) and Voegtlin and White (17) have attempted to repeat the studies of Williams and Seidell purporting to show that adenin and -hydroxy py-ridin can acquire anti-neuritic prop...
- 255. Mccarrison's Investigations On Beri-Beri In Birds And Mammals
- A new conception of the pathology of polyneuritis and other deficiency diseases was introduced by McCarrison (20). The most striking manifestations of beri-beri are the loss of the coordinating powe...
- 256. Mccarrison Points Out That The Nerve Lesions Are Less Severe Than Other Lesions
- This investigator further pointed out that the nervous symptoms of polyneuritic birds may be rapidly ameliorated or recovered from and yet these birds may die as the result of the gastro-intestinal le...
- 257. Subminimal Provision Of Uncharacterized Nutrients And Certain Diseases Of Children
- Subminimal provision of the uncharacterized nutrient principles, resulting in marked impairment of the neuro-muscular control of the intestine with consequent failure of the latter to transport its co...
- 258. Mccarrison's View Of The Relation Of Nuclear Nutrition To Deficiency Diseases
- McCarrison regards the term polyneuritis as applied to the morbid state resulting in pigeons from an exclusive dietary of autoclaved rice as a misnomer, since it suggests that the nervous tissues ar...
- 259. The Relation Of Appetite To The Intake Of Water-Soluble B
- With a view to discovering the peculiar role of the anti-beri-beri substance in metabolism Karr (23) studied the effect of specific fasting for this substance upon the desire of dogs to take food. He ...
- 260. We Have No Knowledge Of The Chemical Nature Of The Anti-Beri-Beri Substance
- The view of McCarrison that the anti-neuntic substance (his nucleopast) is closely concerned with the functioning of the nucleus would derive support from the early attempts of Funk, Williams and othe...
- 263. Glyoxalase In Health And In Experimental Beri-Beri
- Findlay (26) has reported a study of the effect of deprivation of pigeons of the anti-beri-beri substance, water-soluble B, on the content of glyoxalase in their tissues. Glyoxalase is an enzyme which...
- 264. Catalase Studies Appear Not To Relate Directly To The Deficiency Disease Problem
- The studies made by Burge (26) of the catalase content of the tissues of several species of animals (goose, pigeon, sparrow) indicate, however, that this may vary in individuals of the same species an...
- 265. The Pigeon Test For The Anti-Neuritic Substance Is Unsatisfactory
- We are now ready to appreciate the misleading nature of the test which many investigators have employed in their efforts to determine the relative values of different foodstuffs, or of preparations ma...
- 266. Test For The Anti-Beri-Beri Substance Proposed By Mccollum And Simmonds
- McCollum and Simmonds described a test procedure which is infallible as an indicator for the presence or absence of the anti-neuritic substance. The procedure is to restrict young rats to a diet consi...
- 267. Attempts To Employ Yeast As The Test Organism In Testing For The Anti-Beri-Beri Substance
- Williams (30) brought forward a test for the anti-neuritic principle which at first appeared to be a great step in advance since it promised to detect very small amounts of the substance in a short sp...
- 268. Yeast Test Proves Disappointing
- Souza and McCol-lum (33) attempted to make use of yeast cell growth as a test for the anti-neuritic principle (water-soluble B), and showed that no confidence could be placed in it. In the first place...
- 269. Conclusions
- It will be seen from the description presented in this chapter, that the methods and results used as a basis of investigation and of deduction, have been decidedly unfruitful in the knowledge which th...
- Bibliography. The Chemical Nature Of The Anti-Neuritic Substance, Water-Soluble B
- 1. Funk, C: The chemical nature of the substance which cures polyneuritis in birds produced by a diet of polished rice, Jour. Physiol., 1911, xliii, 395. Cooper, A. E., and Funk, C: Experiments on the...
- Chapter XI. Xerophthalmia (Keratomalacia). 270. The Necessity Of A Fat-Borne Vitamin In The Diet
- In Chapter II (A Biological Method For The Analysis Of A Foodstuff. 17. Mccollum'S Experiments Not Verified By Osborne And Mendel) it was shown that it is impossible to secure satisfactory nutrition i...
- 271. The Classic Experiments Of Stepp On Lipin-Free Diets
- Stepp prepared a bread made from milk and wheat flour, and another from milk and protamol, a protein-rich preparation from rice. These he extracted thoroughly with alcohol and with ether. Mice were ...
- 272. A Comparison Of Birds With Mammals With Respect To Lipin Synthesizing Powers
- Stepp was led by the experiments of Fingerling (2) to investigate the problem whether birds differ from mammals in their capacity to synthesize the complex lipins. It was shown by Fingerling, and simu...
- 273. Element Of Growth Was Not Included In Stepp's Experiments
- It should be remembered that in Stepp's investigations the element of growth was not included. He studied the nutritive requirements for maintenance of mice and pigeons, whose growth was complete. His...
- 274. Drummond's View That Fat-Soluble A Is Not Necessary For Maintenance In The Adult
- Drummond (7) holds the view that adult rats need little if any of the dietary factor, fat-soluble A, for the maintenance of health. Stepp's observations indicate the reverse. McCollum and Simmonds (8)...
- 275. The Experiments Of Mcarthur And Luckett
- McArthur and Luckett (11) misjudged as did Stepp in his earlier experiments, the peculiar nutritive value of butter fat as a source of an unidentified dietary essential. Stepp (12) added butter fat to...
- 276. Symptoms Resulting From Specific Starvation For Fat-Soluble A
- When animals are restricted to a diet lacking in fat-soluble A, there develops after a few weeks a peculiar pathological condition of the eyes which is so characteristic that it must be regarded as on...
- 277. Hopkins Experiments Demonstrating The Necessity Of "Accessory" Food Substances
- When Hopkins pointed out in 1912 that the addition of small amounts of milk to a diet of purified food substances would lead to growth, whereas without such addition the animals failed, and on the bas...
- 280. Mori Described Ophthalmia Of Dietary Origin In Man As Early As 1904
- The observations of Mori (17) mentioned above refer to about fourteen hundred cases of xerophthalmia among children between the ages of two and five years, which occurred in Japan in 1905-1907. These ...
- 281. Bloch Adds Greatly To Our Knowledge Of Ophthalmia Of Dietary Origin In Infants
- Bloch (18) described fifty cases of xerophthalmia in children in the vicinity of Copenhagen that occurred during the years 1912-16. Most cases were infants under one year of age. They were suffering f...
- 282. Ophthalmia In Infants Generally Complicated With Scurvy Or Other Deficiency Syndrome
- Malnutrition of a specific type rarely, if ever, occurs uncomplicated in man or animals living on a diet of ordinary food-stuffs, even when the list of foods available is greatly restricted and the di...
- 283. Hess And Unger Express The View That Fat-Soluble A Is Not Very Important In Human Nutrition
- Hess and Unger (19) hold the view that in human nutrition there is not likely to be a deficiency of fat-soluble A sufficiently pronounced to be a factor of importance except under exceptional circumst...
- 284. Urinary Calculi In Relation To Deficiency Of Fat-Solu-Substance Than Its Fat Content Would Lead One To Expectable A
- A further abnormality attributed to deficiency of fat-soluble A in the diet was reported by Osborne and Mendel (22). They found in the urinary tract, calculi of calcium phosphate. In 857 autopsies the...
- 285. Hemeralopia And Nyctalopia Possibly Associated With Vitamin Deficiency
- It is of interest in this connection to call attention to another widespread condition which seems related to a deficiency of fat-soluble A in the diet of man. Hemeralopia, or inability to see by subd...
- Bibliography. Xerophthalmia (Keratomalacia)
- 1. Stepp, W.: Versuche uber die Futterung mit der lipoidfrei er Nahrung, Biochem. Zeit., 1909, xxii, 452. 2. Fingerling, G.: Die Bildung von organischen Phosphorverbindungen aus anorganischen Phospha...
- Chapter XII. Chemical Studies Of The Dietary Essential, Fat-Soluble A. 286. Best Sources Of Fat-Soluble A
- There has been much interest shown among a group of chemists in the problem of determining the nature of the dietary essential, fat-soluble A, but little has been achieved in this direction. The histo...
- 287. Distribution Of Fat-Soluble A In Vegetable Foods
- The early experiments of McCollum and his co-workers yielded results which seemed to warrant the generalization that, when estimated on the basis of the nutritive needs of the rat, all seeds, of plant...
- 288. Yellow Maize Contains More Fat-Soluble A Than White Varieties
- An extremely interesting observation was made by Steenbock and Gross (1) in 1919. They discovered that carrots and yellow sweet potatoes are relatively rich in the substance fat-soluble A, whereas red...
- 289. Certain Leaves Are Very Rich In Fat-Soluble A
- It was pointed out in 1917 by McCollum, Simmonds and Pitz (3) that the alfalfa leaf is several times richer in fat-soluble A than are such grains as wheat, maize or oat kernel. This line of investigat...
- 290. Drummond Suggests That Fat-Soluble A Is One Of The Plant Yellow Pigments
- Among the vegetable foods, therefore, the distribution of fat-soluble A appears to be associated in a remarkable way with yellow pigmentation. The parallelism seemed to Drummond (6) sufficient to warr...
- 291. Stevenson's Observation On Carotin
- An exceedingly interesting observation has been recorded by Stevenson (10) working in the laboratory of F. G. Hopkins. She states that an impure preparation of carotin, which did not behave like a sou...
- 292. Chickens Can Be Reared On Diets Containing No Yellow Pigments
- Palmer and Kempster (14) succeeded in growing chicks from hatching on a mixture of white maize, white maize meal, white maize bran, skim milk and bone meal. After six weeks the birds began to fail, bu...
- 293. Palmer And Kennedy's Disproof Of The Yellow Pigment Theory
- The investigation of Palmer and Kennedy, referred to above, appears to add the last word to this discussion, and to leave no further room for doubt that the presence of liberal amounts of fat-soluble ...
- 294. The Stability Of Fat-Soluble A Toward Heat
- In regard to the stability of the fat-soluble A toward heat and reagents, there has existed much difference of opinion. McCollum and Davis (15) observed that egg yolks which had been hard boiled were ...
- 296. Extraction Of Fat-Soluble A From Foods By Means Of Solvents
- McCollum, Simmonds and Pitz (21) were the first to study the possibility of extracting the dietary essential fat-soluble A from plant tissues. It was stated, as the result of experiments with several ...
- 297. Fat-Soluble A Is Not Destroyed By Saponifying Agents
- In 1914 McCollum and Davis observed that butter fat may be saponified with alcoholic potassium hydroxid and petroleum ether without the destruction of the nutritive principle now designated fat-solubl...
- 298. Methods Of Estimating The Content Of Fat-Soluble A In Natural Food-Stuffs
- So much interest is shown nowadays in the relative values of different foods as sources of the different vitamins, that students will welcome a brief account of the procedures and their effectiveness ...
- 299. Pathological Changes Resulting From Lack Of Fat-Soluble A
- For the purpose of determining the physiological role which each of the vitamins plays, it is necessary that we should learn as precisely as possible what happens to the cells composing the different ...
- Bibliography. Chemical Studies Of The Dietary Essential, Fat-Soluble A
- 1. Steenbock, H., and Gross, E. G.: Fat-soluble vitamine. ii. The fatsoluble vitamine contents of roots together with some observations on their water-soluble vitamine content, Jour. Biol. Chem., 1919...
- Chapter XIII. The Relation Of Pellagra To Diet
- 300. Early History Of Pellagra Pellagra is a disease of man which is confined to relatively few places. It was discovered in Northern Spain by Casal in 1735 (1), but for many years it was most ...
- 303. Goldberger's Studies On The Relation Of The Diet To Pellagra
- In 1914 Goldberger (5) began an investigation of the factors operating in the etiology of pellagra. His studies have proven of the greatest significance in clearing up this problem. He noted the fact ...
- 304. The Investigations Of The Robert M. Thompson Commission, And The Thompson-Mcfadden Commission
- In 1913 the Thompson-McFadden Commission, consisting of J. F. Siler of the U. S. Army; P. E. Garrison of the U. S. Navy, and W. J. MacNeal of the New York Post Graduate Medical School, began an extens...
- 305. The Studies Of Jobling And Peterson On Pellagra In Nashville
- Jobling and Peterson (10) arrived from their studies of the disease in Nashville at a similar conclusion as to the transmissibility of pellagra. They were led by their observations to conclude that th...
- 306. The Eradication Of Pellagra From Institutions By Modification Of The Diet
- Goldberger, Waring and Willett (11), in 1915, studied the conditions which might explain the differences in the incidence of pellagra in two groups of children in an orphanage at Jackson, Miss. In thi...
- 307. An Attempt To Produce Pellagra Experimentally In Man By Faulty Diet
- Having convinced himself that pellagra could be prevented by a suitable dietary, Goldberger planned an experiment to determine whether a faulty diet of the type common among pellagrins would produce t...
- 308. Attempts To Produce The Syndrome Of Pellagra In Animals
- Attempts to produce the syndrome of pellagra in animals by confinement to faulty diets have not been wanting. Chittenden and Underhill (13) fed dogs, exclusively on vegetable foods, and observed that ...
- 309. Attempts To Transmit Pellagra To Healthy Subjects
- Goldberger and fifteen of his associates next tried in a number of ways to transmit pellagra to themselves by a series of innoculations with blood, nasopharyngeal secretions, feces, urine and desquama...
- 310. The Maize Theory Of Pellagra Brought Up Again
- The Director of Medical Services of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force directed that a committee of medical men in the British Army make a study of the prevalence of pellagra among Turkish prisoners of ...
- 311. Voegtlin's Treatment Of Pellagra With Vitamin Preparations
- Voegtlin (17) has recently described experiments in the treatment of pellagra, which seem to fall little if any short of a demonstration that pellagra is a deficiency disease in the same sense as beri...
- 312. Voegtlin's Results Indicate Vitamin Deficiency
- I am unable to see the logic of Voegtlin's reasoning. An alcoholic extract of liver would not modify the inorganic content of diet X, nor the biological value of its proteins. The content of diet X in...
- 313. Occurrence Of Pellagra In Nursing Infants
- Voegtlin and Harries (19) have reported a number of cases of pellagra in infants which were nursed by pellagrous mothers, and cite older literature which shows that in the past a considerable number o...
- 315. Vedder's Interpretation Of Existing Data Relating To The Cause Of Pellagra
- Vedder (20) has brought together a number of salient facts derived from the observations of several students of pellagra, and interprets them as showing that there is a certain similarity between pel...
- 316. Pellagra Can Be Prevented By A Satisfactory Dietary Regimen
- From the standpoint of prevention, the researches in this field have, however, been of the greatest importance. It is abundantly established that pellagra is in some manner caused by faulty diet, and ...
- Bibliography. The Relation Of Pellagra To Diet
- 1. Casal: Obra Postuma del Dr. Casal Publicada en 1762, Corresp. Med. Madrid, 1870, vol. v, 78. Cited by Goldberger: Public Health Reports, 1920, xxxv, 2673. 2. Roussel, T.: Traite de la pellagra et...
- Chapter XIV. The Relation Of The Diet To The Etiology Of Rickets And Related Conditions. 317. The Prevalence Of Rickets In Children
- There are probably no conditions which contribute more to physical inferiority in man than defects in skeletal development. Most important among these is the result of a syndrome designated as rickets...
- 318. The Characteristics Of The Disease
- In many children the condition is only discovered at autopsy since the lesions have not sufficiently progressed during life to attract attention. It must be emphasized that although the diagnosis rest...
- 319. A Historical Survey Of Rickets
- Findlay (2) in a recent historical survey of rickets says: In this (England) as in most civilized countries, rickets is one of the most common diseases of childhood. Further, it is probably the most ...
- 320. Geographical Distribution Of Rickets
- Findlay (2) points out that rickets is almost entirely limited to the northern hemisphere, and that it is in great measure restricted to the temperate zone. At present it is a veritable scourge among ...
- 321. Rickets Absent From Certain Parts Of The Hebrides
- Mellanby further calls attention to the almost complete absence of rickets in the Island of Lewis in the Hebrides, although the people there live under the most intolerable hygienic conditions. He emp...
- 322. Views Concerning The Cause Of Rickets
- The most diverse views have been advanced regarding the cause of this disease. Many have believed it an essential concomitant of civilization. This idea is supported by the unquestioned fact that it i...
- 323. Rickets Does Not Occur In Wild Animals
- .Rickets does not occur among wild animals, but is common among wild creatures kept in confinement. This is especially true of monkeys and young carnivora kept in zoological gardens. Dogs, especially ...
- 324. Relation Of Breast Feeding To Incidence Of Rickets
- Rickets was formerly much more common among the poorer classes than among the well-to-do. It occurs much more frequently in the winter and spring than at the other seasons, and is much more prevalent ...
- 325. Some Regard Diet, Others Hygiene, As The Main Factor In Inducing Rickets
- No unanimity of opinion exists among students of rickets concerning its cause. Heredity, dietetic errors, faulty hygienic conditions, infections of a microbial or other nature, and disturbances of the...
- 326. Mellanby Suggests That Rickets Is Due To Lack Of Fat-Soluble A
- In 1919 Mellanby (9) reported experiments which excited great enthusiasm among investigators of nutrition problems. He was able to show that certain diets produced a condition of the bones of young pu...
- 327. A Comparison Of A Rachitic And A Non-Rachitic Dietary
- It is very significant that the quantities of milk, eggs, cheese, fish and butter contained in diet (2) over diet (1) was effective in preventing the occurrence of rickets. Ferguson did not consider t...
- 328. Hess And Lingers Experiments On Infants With Fat-Poor Diets
- After the appearance of Mellanby's paper his opinion was at once accepted as resting on sound experimental evidence. The Medical Research Committee of Great Britain accepted it and gave it wide public...
- 329. Exercise As A Factor In Preventing Rickets In Pups
- Findlay (18) has continued as has also Paton (19), to emphasize that the opportunity which is afforded for pups to exercise is the determining factor as to whether or not they will be likely to develo...
- 330. Sequence Of Events In The Growth Of Bone
- The growth of a bone in length is due to a definite sequence of events which transpire at the junction of the shaft of the bone (di-aphysis) with its head (epiphysis). The shaft is composed of growing...
- 331. Abnormal Histological Changes In Rachitic Bones
- In the rachitic bone all these processes of growth and the maintenance of equilibrium are abnormal. Calcium salts are not deposited in a normal way. In a normal bone the junction of the cartilage with...
- 332. Recent Investigations On The Cause Of Rickets
- The investigations of Shipley, Park, Simmonds and McCollum have shown that when the diet is satisfactory in every respect except for a deficiency of calcium, the phosphate content and content of fat-s...
- 333. Three Factors Operate In The Etiology Of Rickets
- It will be seen from the foregoing, that three dietary factors at least are concerned primarily in the development and normal metabolism of the skeletal tissues. These are the phosphorus and calcium c...
- 334. The Ratio Between Calcium And Phosphorus In The Diet Is Very Important
- A discovery of great importance in this connection was recently made by McCollum, Simmonds, Shipley and Park (20) who observed that the ratio between the concentration of calcium and of phosphorus in ...
- 336. Excessive Calcium Content In The Diet May Play A Role In Bone Pathology
- The following diet produces the most extreme degree of rickets: Ration 3143 Wheat (entire kernel) ................. 33.0 Maize (entire kernel) ................. 33.0 Gelatin .........................
- 337. Discussion Of Sherman And Pappenheimer's Experiments
- In the light of these experiments it is possible to understand the results of Sherman and Pappenheimer, and it is necessary to place upon them a different interpretation from that of these investigato...
- 338. Ratios Between Calcium And Phosphorus More Important Than Their Absolute Amounts
- Apparently in the rat the profound disturbances in the deposition of lime salts in cartilages and bone and the changes in the cells of those tissues which give rise to the pathological complex known a...
- 339. Protective Action Of The Organic Factor Concerned In The Causation Of Rickets
- The effect of the administration of the organic factor which has several times been mentioned as playing a role in the etiology of rickets, is very easy to demonstrate by properly planned experiments....
- 340. Further Observations On Changing The Ratios Between Calcium And Phosphorus In The Diet
- The effect of changing in the direction opposite to that described above (Rations 3127, 3133 and 3143) the ratio between the calcium and phosphorus has been tested. A diet consisting of cereal grains,...
- 342. The Calcium And Phosphorus Content Of The Blood In Health And In Rickets
- Howland and Kramer (22) have recently reported studies on the composition of the blood with respect to phosphorus in normal and in rachitic children which are of great interest in this connection. Whe...
- 343. Why Is Rickets Common In Some Places And Rare In Others?
- By this time it will have become apparent to the reader why rickets is common in those parts of the world where milled cereal products, tubers and muscle meats form the principal components of the die...
- 347. The Teeth In Rickety Children
- The teeth are related to the skeleton and their growth and permanence are governed probably by somewhat similar laws of nutrition as are the bones. It is certain that in rickets the child fails to dev...
- 350. Significance Of The Absence Of Rickets In The West Of Ireland
- Of more than ordinary interest in connection with the problem of the cause of rickets is the immunity of the inhabitants of the West of Ireland (27) and of the Island of Lewis in the Hebrides (28). In...
- 351. Significance Of The Conditions In The Island Of Lewis In Interpreting The Cause Of Rickets
- The Island of Lewis in the Hebrides is of very great interest in illustrating the greater importance of nutrition than of hygienic factors, in promoting health, in reducing the infant mortality and in...
- 352. A Method For Demonstrating The Anti-Rachitic Effect Of Cod Liver Oil
- It has already been described how, by appropriately planned diets it is possible to prepare young rats so that there is no calcium phosphate deposited in the zone of primary calcification of the bones...
- 353. A Period Of Fasting May Initiate The Healing Of The Lesion Of Rickets
- When a young rat is placed for thirty days or thereabouts upon a diet such as has been described above for the purpose of preparing it for a demonstration of the therapeutic value of cod liver oil in ...
- 354. Parallelism Between Increase In Incidence Of Rickets And Of Decayed Teeth
- Since the incidence and severity of rickets have markedly increased in many places within recent times, and essentially parallel with it there has been a marked deterioration of the teeth, associated ...
- 355. Effect Of Light On Rickets
- Several observers have recently reported the successful treatment of rickets in children by radiation with ultra-violet rays derived from the mercury vapor lamp, with X-rays and also with sunlight. It...
- Bibliography. The Relation Of The Diet To The Etiology Of Rickets And Related Conditions
- 1. Park, E. A., and Howland, J.: The dangers to life of severe involvement of the thorax in rickets, Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., 1921, xxxii, 101. Holt, E. L.: Diseases of Infancy and childhood, New Yo...
- Chapter XV. The Nursing Mother As A Factor Of Safety In The Nutrition Of The Suckling. 355. New-Born Young Dependent On Milk
- It is a remarkable fact that for a time after birth every mammal is incapable of taking the type of diet which suffices for the maintenance of normal nutrition in the adult. It must have milk for a ce...
- 356. Effect Of Faulty Diet On The Capacity Of The Lactating Female To Produce Normal Milk
- In order to gain information concerning the relation between the character of the diet of the mother and the nutritive quality of her milk, McCollum and Simmonds (1) carried out a series of experiment...
- 357. Mammary Gland Has No Power To Synthesize A Vitamin
- When McCollum and Davis first observed the necessity in the diet for growth of something which could be furnished by certain fats but not by others or not by non-lipin components of the diet, they wer...
- 358. Tendency For The Lactating Mother To Sacrifice Her Tissues To Maintain The Normal Composition Of Her Milk
- It is hardly to be expected that the quality of the milk should be maintained unimpaired when the nutrition of the lactating mother falls far below the normal for any very extended period. Indeed, man...
- 359. Chemical Composition Of The Milk Of Pellagrous Women
- Voegtlin and Harris (8) state that pellagra sometimes occurs in breast-fed infants. They made an investigation of the milk of pellagrous women and reported that: The volume may be normal or reduced, ...
- 360. The Effects Of Under-Feeding On The Lactating Cow And The Composition Of Her Milk
- Eccles and Palmer (9) have conducted a very thorough experimental study of the influence on milk production of the under-feeding of cows. They have examined the composition of milk produced by cows wh...
- 361. Deficiency In The Milk Of Women Suffering From Beri-Beri
- Interesting evidence on the effect of an inadequate diet in lowering the nutritive value of the milk secreted, is afforded by the studies of Andrews (10). It is well known that infants, who subsist up...
- 362. A Cereal Diet Is Not Satisfactory For The Formation Of Normal Milk
- It has been pointed out that young animals do not grow when confined to a single cereal or other seed or mixture of seeds, for the reason that these are all deficient in the inorganic elements, calciu...
- 363. Failure Of The Lactating Rat To Induce Growth In Her Young While Confined To A Diet Of Rolled Oats
- The curves of rat 211 and her litter of four young (Chart 9) illustrate the remarkable growth which the mother rat is capable of inducing in her offspring when the diet is highly satisfactory. While s...
- 364. Effect On The Quality Of The Milk Of Supplementing The Oat Kernel
- A rat (1) whose diet consisted of rolled oats supplemented with fat-soluble A in the form of butter fat, induced growth in her litter of four at a rate somewhat greater than she could have done had sh...
- 365. Inorganic Content Of The Diet Is Very Important For The Secretion Of Normal Milk
- The importance of having the inorganic content of the diet properly constituted is shown especially well in the histories of the mothers 983 and 1978 (1). The former was fed rolled oats supplemented w...
- 366. Milk Secretion Governed By Same Laws As The Nutrition Of The Growing Young
- These records of nursing mothers and their young make it apparent that the former are limited in the utilization of food for milk production, in the same manner as the growing young are limited in the...
- 367. The Nursing Mother As A Factor Of Safety For Her Young
- In the records of the mothers on modified oat diets, the young in certain cases continued to grow after the 25th day, at which age they may be safely weaned if supplied with a good food mixture, and i...
- 368. Deficiencies Of All The Cereals Are Comparable As Material For The Elaboration Of Milk
- The growth curves of the young of mothers, whose diets consisted of the oat kernel with and without purified food additions, likewise illustrate very well the results observed when similar experiments...
- 369. Importance Of The "Protective Foods" In The Nutrition Of The Nursing Mother
- It should be reiterated that there are two classes of food-stuffs, of peculiar value in human and animal nutrition. These tend strongly to correct the deficiencies in a cereal, legume seed, tuber and ...
- 370. Extent Of Self-Sacrifice Of The Lactating Mother For Her Young
- The tendency of the lactating female to persist in secreting milk, even though deficient in one or more respects as a food for the suckling because of faults in her diet, is truly remarkable. Babcock ...
- 371. Effect Of The Feed Of The Cow On The Anti-Scorbutic Properties Of Her Milk
- Hart, Steenbock and Ellis (13) experimented with the milk of cows which had been confined for a year or more to rations consisting of air-dried grains and forage plants and which had never, during the...
- 372. Illustrations Of The Gravity Of Various Types Of Faulty Diets On Quality Of Milk
- McCollum and Simmonds (15) have studied the effects on the rate of growth of young rats, of different types of deficiencies in the diet of the lactating mother. The results are shown in Tables XI, XII...
- 373. Quality Of Milk Falls Off Before Amount Of Secretion Is Markedly Interfered With
- The question will naturally arise in the mind of the reader as to whether the failure of the young to grow when nursed by these mothers, which were confined to faulty diets, was not the result of dimi...
- 374. Breast Milk Not A Satisfactory Food Unless The Diet Of The Mother Is Good
- The statement, reiterated so frequently, that breast-feeding of infants is superior to the best system of artificial feeding needs, however, some modification. There are many women in various parts of...
- 375. Rickets May Occur In Breast-Fed Infants When The Mothers' Diet Is Faulty In Certain Ways
- Attention should again be turned to the observations of Hess (16) that the negro women of the Columbus Hill District in New York City, whose diets are derived almost exclusively from milled cereal pro...
- 376. All Who Escape Recognizable Nutritional Disease Are Not Well Nourished
- It is of great importance to appreciate the fact that there may occur by reason of faulty diet serious damage to the young without the development of symptoms which definitely mark the patient as a su...
- 377. The Problem Of Preventive Dentistry Largely One Of Feeding During Infancy And Childhood
- In an earlier chapter it has been shown how easily deviations from the optimal composition of the diet with respect to certain factors, leads to the development in the bones of histological changes ea...
- Bibliography. The Nursing Mother As A Factor Of Safety In The Nutrition Of The Suckling
- 1. McCollum, E. V., Simmonds, N., and Pitz, W.: The relation of unidentified dietary factors, fat-soluble A and water-soluble B, of the diet to the growth promoting properties of the milk, Jour. Biol....
- Chapter XVI. New Viewpoints Relating To Practical Problems Of Nutrition. 378. The Importance Of Animal Experimentation To Human Welfare
- The sciences of medicine and surgery are built upon experience gained through animal experimentation. Almost all our knowledge of the role which bacteria play in the production of disease has been gai...
- 379. Nutrition Has Assumed Greater Importance Than Ever Before
- In recent years, however, new and surprising relations between food and health have become apparent. The relation between polished rice and beri-beri has been brought to light. Observations on the seq...
- 380. Many Are Still Unable To Grasp The Fundamentals Of Scientific Nutrition
- To-day few would dare to reject the array of experimentally established facts and deny the relation of beri-beri or scurvy to lack of some essential substances in the diet, or question that there is a...
- 381. There Is Need Of Popularizing The New Knowledge Of Nutrition
- The lack of understanding of the way to solve the practical problems of alimentation which were forced upon Europe by the war is easily appreciated when we consider how new the science of nutrition is...
- 382. Entire Subject Must Be Viewed From A New Angle
- In order to appreciate the viewpoint which is established by recent researches on foods and nutrition it is essential to fully understand the great advantages which we now enjoy in being able to think...
- 383. Types Of Experimental Observations Which Made Nutrition A New Science
- The early experimental work with diets consisting of relatively pure food substances had for their objective in many instances, the demonstration of the inadequacy of such incomplete proteins as gel...
- 384. The Experiments Of Hopkins
- The experiments of one investigator, Hopkins (3), were of a different type from those mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He met with complete failure in his attempts to nourish young animals on pur...
- 385. Difficulties Of Solution Of The Fundamental Problems Of Nutrition
- Simple as the discussion of the adequate diet appears to be in the present state of our knowledge, it was a most difficult task to bring order and understanding into the field of nutrition. In experim...
- 386. The Method Of Interpretation Of Mccollum And Davis
- In 1915 McCollum and Davis published two papers which described a satisfactory method for interpreting such experiments. They gave two convincing demonstrations of the applicability of their theory of...
- 387. It Was A Piece Of Good Fortune That The Earliest Experimental Studies Were Made With The Rat
- It is further of interest to point out, in the light of our present knowledge that if the rat had been susceptible to the disease scurvy, these experiments would both have ended in failure and no poss...
- 388. An Adequate Diet May Be Remarkably Simple
- From what has been said it will be appreciated that a diet may be remarkably simple, viz.: consist of a single purified protein, a source of the sugar glucose, nine mineral elements and two un-charact...
- 389. Great Stimulus To New Investigation During The Last Few Years
- The line of study which was pursued by the author led to the formulation of the above described working hypothesis which has so effectively served as a guide to the interpretation of experimental data...
- 390. Vegetable Foods Having Similar Biological Functions Have Likewise Similar Dietary Properties
- Since mixtures of foods having similar deficiencies cannot greatly enhance each other's values in meeting the nutritive needs of an animal, we should expect, from the properties of the foods of the se...
- 391. Early Nutrition Investigators Ignored Human Experience With Diets Of Different Types
- It is remarkable that physiologists and others who were interested in the subject of nutrition, failed for so many years to appreciate evidence so abundant in human experience, that the proper selecti...
- 392. Scientific Nutrition Of Greater Value In Preventive Medicine Than In Cure Of Disease
- The researches in the field of nutrition have a greater value in preventive medicine in relation to raising the vitality of mankind, with all that this implies, than they have in the prevention of the...
- 393. An Effort To Duplicate Human Experience With Diet With A Rat Colony
- Some years ago the idea occurred to me that we had progressed sufficiently far in our investigations to make it possible to duplicate human experience as relates to diet, with our colony of domestic r...
- 394. Important To Secure Effects Of Diet On Life History
- We came to appreciate some years ago, that we were able to demonstrate in short experiments only faults of a pronounced nature. This is what is to be expected. If the tissues are subjected to only sli...
- 395. Impossible To State The Minimum Requirement Of Any One Food Factor Unless All Dietary Factors Are Evaluated
- We have reached the conclusion that it is not possible to state the amount of any food factor which constitutes the minimum or the optimum, or an excess, without taking into consideration the biologic...
- 396. Remarkably Accurate Estimations Of Nutritive Value Are Possible By Animal Experiments
- The results of observing animals beyond the completion of growth, to determine their fertility, success in rearing young and the rate at which they developed the characteristics of old age, were so st...
- 397. A Specific Illustration Of The Effects Of Faulty Nutrition
- As an illustration of the extent to which we can control the life history of a group of experimental animals, we may take the effects of a diet consisting of degerminated cereal products such as bolte...
- 398. Effects Of Diet In Determining The Span Of Life
- The extreme span of life of the rat under highly satisfactory conditions of nutrition and hygienic surroundings is about thirty-six months. Probably two-thirds of all animals kept under the best labor...
- 399. Fertility And Infant Mortality Are Valuable Indexes To The State Of Nutritive Well-Being
- In the case of those groups where the state of their nutrition was sufficiently good to enable them to show a moderate fertility, it would be observed that the infant mortality would be higher the mor...
- 400. One May Have A Surprising Variety Of Food And Still Have A Faulty Diet
- The most surprising generalization which is warranted by exact nutrition studies, is that even a diet composed of cereal grains, legume seeds, tubers, fleshy roots, fruits and muscle cuts of meat, irr...
- 401. Any Diet Which Is Unsuited For The Promotion Of Growth In The Young Will Not Be Satisfactory For The Maintenance Of Health In The Adult
- The question naturally arises in the mind as to whether a diet may be satisfactory for the maintenance of optimal nutrition in the adult, but unsuited to the nutritive needs of the young. We have soug...
- 402. Effects Of Faulty Nutrition On The Attitude Of The Mother Toward Her Young
- The reaction of mother rats toward their young, when confined to certain types of faulty diets, especially those low in protein, is especially interesting. In many such cases the mothers react abnorma...
- 403. A Poorly Nourished Population Tends To Be The Product Of Individuals Young In Years
- Many animals on diets which are faulty in some degree, show reduced fertility or even remain sterile. When the fertility is greatly reduced it is usually the case that any young which are born are pro...
- 405. A Striking Parallel Between Human Experience And The History Of Our Animals On Similar Diets
- There is perhaps nothing more worthy of careful consideration as a human problem than the suggestive results of the behavior of our experimental rats as modified by diet. They have varied from the mos...
- 406. Nervousness Of Animals On Certain Types Of Faulty Diets
- On the other hand, when the diet is faulty in certain respects, the nervous system is profoundly affected. This is perhaps most pronounced with diets deficient in calcium or in phosphorus. Inadequacy ...
- 407. Tetanic Seizures In Young, Nursing Mothers Whose Diets Are Faulty In Certain Ways
- In this connection mention should be made of the frequent destruction of young rats by their mothers. There are two general causes of infant mortality in our colony. In one case the mother reacts norm...
- 410. The Diet Should Be As Near The Optimum As Possible With Respect To Every Factor
- The object of this account of the effects of faulty diets which fall short of meeting the nutritive needs of the body only to minor degrees, and in many cases in respect to factors which are not prima...
- 412. Possibilities Of Scientific Nutrition Not Generally Appreciated
- We hear much of clinics for the removal of diseased tonsils and adenoids, and for the repair of defective teeth, but almost nothing of a fundamental nature about the adoption of habits of living which...
- Bibliography. New Viewpoints Relating To Practical Problems Of Nutrition
- 1. Wells, H. G.: Cited by Blunt, K. and Wang, C. C.: The present status of vitamines, Jour. of Home Econ., 1921, xiii, 98. 2. McCollum, E. V.: Nuclein synthesis in the animal body, Amer. Jour. of Phy...
- Chapter XVII. The Dietary Habits Of Man In Several Parts Of The World. 413. The Polyphemic Eye Of The Faddist In Diet
- From what has been said in earlier chapters it will be readily understood that students of nutrition during any period previous to the last five or six years must necessarily have had an inadequate un...
- 414. The Keynote To Successful Nutrition Is The Proper Selection Of Food
- It has been shown what chemical constituents form a satisfactory diet for a mammal and the experimental evidence upon which the accepted views rest has been described. The dietary properties of each ...
- 415. Observations Which Became The Basis Of Important Deductions
- The facts brought out by laborious experimentation are so well illustrated by human and animal experience in general, that it seems remarkable that so many physiologists and students of nutrition fail...
- 416. Many Instances Of Successful Carnivorous Nutrition
- One of these facts, abundantly substantiated by common observation, is that there are many examples of animals subsisting entirely upon food derived from the tissues of other animals. The wolf, lion a...
- 417. Other Tissues Make Good The Deficiencies Of Muscle Tissue In Carnivorous Feeding
- The deficiencies of muscle meats are entirely made good by the addition of blood which furnishes the common salt which is nearly lacking in muscle, and by such glandular organs as liver, kidney, etc.,...
- 418. Several Examples Of Successful Carnivorous Nutrition In Man
- There are several examples of strictly carnivorous nutrition in man in which the success attained is about as great as that seen in animals on similar diets. Thus the Eskimo, while a small people, are...
- 419. Lesson From The Health Experience Of The Non-Citizen Indians
- There is no better illustration of the soundness of the views regarding the types of diets which succeed in inducing good nutrition, and the importance of selecting foods so as to produce combinations...
- 420. Has Natural Vigor Anything To Do With Susceptibility To Tuberculosis?
- There are many who doubt whether faulty diet has anything to do with susceptibility to tuberculosis, but there is little doubt that it may be so. Experience has shown that there is no more effective t...
- 423. Metchnikoff's Views Regarding The Generation Of Toxic Products In The Intestine From The Putrefaction Of Protein Food
- The idea made popular by Metchnikoff, that the body is injured by absorption of toxic substances formed in the intestine through the agency of putrefactive bacteria, rests upon evidence which can hard...
- 424. Meat-Eating In America Is Very Different From Practices Of The Carnivora
- There is considerable misunderstanding as to the effects of taking liberal amounts of meat. The meat eating of the people of America and parts of Europe is largely confined to muscle cuts. It is to be...
- 425. The Teeth Of The Carnivora Were Excellent
- The teeth of the carnivorous animals and of carnivorous man were of excellent quality so long as they adhered to their primitive dietary habits. With the change to a new type of diet, such as is now c...
- 426. The Nutrition Of The People Of Iceland
- A most interesting experience is that of the people of Iceland. The island was settled in the ninth century by colonists from Scandinavia and Ireland. The colonists took with them cattle and sheep, bu...
- 427. The Diet Of The Inhabitants Of The Hebrides
- A diet very similar to that used in Iceland has also long been customary in certain islands in the Hebrides. The only agricultural crops which are very successful are turnips and potatoes. Cattle are ...
- 428. No Rickets Among The Children Of The Island Of Lewis In The Hebrides
- Perhaps the most spectacular thing about the relation of the diet to health in the Island of Lewis in the Hebrides, is the condition of the infant population. The babies are rarely taken out of the da...
- 429. Good Nutrition Goes Far Toward Offsetting The Effects Of Bad Hygienic Surroundings
- This illustrates in a very satisfactory manner a fact which has been many times demonstrated in animal husbandry experience, viz.: that very good results can be secured in physical development in youn...
- 430. The Rearing Of Young Lions In Captivity
- Another illustration of how modifications of the diet which formerly would have seemed unimportant, may make a difference between failure and success in growth and development is afforded in the exper...
- 433. Many Examples Of Successful Nutrition Among Leaf Eating Animals
- One of the three facts which stood out prominently in my consideration of the types of diets which had succeeded in human experience and with animals, was that certain peoples and many animals were th...
- 434. There Are No Strictly Vegetarian Peoples In The Sense That Animals Are
- There are no strictly vegetarian peoples in the sense that certain animals are. The human alimentary tract is not sufficiently capacious to admit of eating liberally of coarse herbage. There are a con...
- 435. The Importance Of Certain Articles In The Oriental Diet
- It can be readily appreciated that moderate variations in the amounts of leafy structures eaten, the amounts of eggs, and the extent to which polished rice enters into the diet in place of whole rice ...
- 436. No Foods In China And Other Oriental Countries Suitable For Feeding Young Children
- It is certainly true that the diet of China, Japan and other countries in which the same general habits prevail, is not suited for the proper nutrition of young children. It has always been the practi...
- 437. Difficult To Maintain Normal Nutrition In The Child After Weaning
- After weaning, however, it appears that the diet of the Oriental child is ordinarily less satisfactory than that of the American or European child. This is due in great measure to the lack of milk, of...
- 438. Heredity Versus Nutrition As A Factor Determining The Size Of A People
- The question has been raised on several occasions when the size of a people has been mentioned in connection with the nature of their food, whether size is not entirely a racial characteristic, and is...
- 439. The Climate Of California Not So Stimulating As That Of Japan
- According to Huntington, the climate of California as a whole is less stimulating than is that of Japan, and is, therefore, less satisfactory from the physiological standpoint (8). He bases this belie...
- 440. Greater Danger In A Simple And Monotonous Diet Than In A Varied One
- It is true of any people, that those with means live in better houses and have a more varied and abundant food supply than do the less prosperous part of the population. The poorer classes among Orien...
- 441. Importance Of Milk In The Diet Of Western Nations And Of Pastoral Peoples
- The third fact which became clear in connection with the examination of the dietary practices of man and animals, was that diets which were derived from miscellaneous sources such as cereal grains, le...
- 442. The Vigor Of Pastoral Nomads
- When we turn to human experience with diets rich in milk, some most interesting observations are met with. Certain regions have throughout history, produced vigorous and aggressive people. The Aryans ...
- 443. The Jews Were Originally Pastoral Nomads
- The migration of the Jews under the leadership of Abraham and Lot, from the dry plains of Mesopotamia, bringing their flocks and herds, and appropriating to their own use the better watered lands of P...
- 444. Diet An Important Factor In Determining The Physical And Moral Attributes Of Peoples
- Students of human history have many times attempted to discover the causes which have determined the peculiar traits of different peoples, but no general agreement has been reached as to the relative ...
- 445. The Arabs As An Example Of Excellent Nutrition
- The people inhabiting Central Asia domesticated animals of various kinds from which the domestic cow, sheep, goat, camel and horse have been developed through selection of certain types for breeding. ...
- 446. The Diet Of The Pastoral Arab
- As would be expected, the diet of the pastoral Arabs consists in great measure of milk, supplemented with moderate amounts of meat, cereals and dates. In settled agricultural districts pomegranates, m...
- 447. High Protein Diet Is Excellent If Properly Selected
- The relative merits of diets poor or rich in protein have been much discussed. The experience of the pastoral nomads of Arabia and other parts of Asia answer this question very definitely. A diet of m...
- 448. Mckay's Observations On The Diet And Physical Efficiency Of Hindu Peoples
- McKay (3) has described the physical condition of the habitants of different parts of India, and correlated this with the character of their diets. His observations leave no room for doubt that the pa...
- 449. Relation Of The Consumption Of Dairy Products To Health In Parts Of Europe
- We can draw another parallel between large groups of people who show very marked differences in physical development, due, we believe, primarily to the differences in the quality of their diets. In Sw...
- 450. Huntington's Views On The Effects Of Climate On Man
- Huntington believes that climate is the most important factor in determining the development of a highly progressive race or nation. As a result of his studies he concludes that a mean temperature of ...
- 451. Contrast Of The Achievement Of The People Of Canada And Those Of The Bahamas
- We have already discussed the widespread occurrence of pellagra in the Southern States, and the apparently conclusive evidence that it is a disease of the poorly fed. Let us examine a contrast made by...
- 452. Most People Are Unwell
- No one will be likely to dispute the statement that most people are unwell, and that their failures, indiscretions, fits of temper, tendency to complain, tendency to give themselves up to reflecting o...
- 453. The Most Stimulating Climates Are Not Promoting Health In Man More Than Less Stimulating Ones
- If climate were responsible for health to the degree that its enthusiasts believe, how are we to account for the amount of sickness, early aging and physical inefficiency seen in the most favorable cl...
- 454. Plant And Animal Enemies In The Tropics Are More Serious Than Climate
- Are not the real enemies to human life and happiness in the Torrid Zone, plants and animals rather than temperature and humidity? If this is admitted, no one who is imbued with the spirit of modern sc...
- 455. Under What Conditions Does Man Tend To Develop Best Intellectually?
- One not infrequently sees in discussions of this nature the statement that in warm regions, where food is easily obtainable, and little shelter or clothing is necessary for the comfort of man, he sink...
- 456. Of All Factors Diet Is The Most Important In Determining How One Feels
- The most fundamental of all the factors which contribute to success in any enterprise is health, and the primary factor in making a faultless organism, either human or animal, is the diet. It is not p...
- 457. Differences In Labor Output Observed By Huntington In North And South May Have Been In Part Due To Causes Other Than Climate
- It is scarcely permissible to compare the work accomplished by natives of Tampa with that of workers in the northern states as Huntington has done in his studies on the effect of climate, because most...
- 458. Bad Health Conditions In The United States Notwithstanding Its Stimulating Climate
- Let us return to the problem of the health conditions among the people of the northern United States and its causes. We are told by Terman (10) that about fourteen million of the twenty million school...
- 460. The Cereal Grains As A Menace To Health
- The results of our investigations on the nutritive value of the cereal grains disturbed a well established belief that these were highly satisfactory foods. When investigated by adequate methods they ...
- 461. Great Extension In The Cultivation Of Cereals In Recent Times
- The great increase in the consumption of cereal grains in various forms as flours, cornmeal, corn grits, rolled oats and the breakfast foods with which we are familiar, is an incident in the developme...
- 462. Grass As An Enemy To Agriculture
- Huntington (8) has pointed out that the great enemy of agriculture has always been grass. Primitive man could never compete with it, and accordingly could not practice extensively the cultivation of t...
- 463. Evidences That We Have Exceeded The Limits Of Safety In The Consumption Of Cereals
- The two kinds of evidence that we are now exceeding the limits of safety in the consumption of cereal products (because of the nature of the remainder of the food supply) are: (1), the overwhelming ev...
- 464. More About The Dietary Habits Of Early Man
- Let us return to our consideration of the dietary habits of early man. Since he was not able to cultivate cereals except on a very small scale he derived most of his sustenance from other pursuits. No...
- 465. Domestic Animals Made Possible The Utilization Of Grass For Conversion Into Human Food
- It was a great step in advance when animals from which the horse, cow, goat, sheep and camel have descended, were domesticated. With these, man was able to invade grassy plains. Their animals converte...
- 466. Changes In The Diet During The Great Industrial Era
- The development of the modern industrial era in Europe, America, and the other parts of the world which have been colonized by Europeans, has seen gradual and progressive changes in the character of t...
- 467. Iodin As A Limiting Factor In Human And Animal Nutrition In Certain Regions
- It appears to have become established by recent observations that there is danger in certain parts of the United States and elsewhere, of human beings and animals failing to secure in their food a suf...
- 468. The Struggle In Agriculture Between Meat Production And Dairying
- The struggle in the animal industry for supremacy is between meat production and dairying. Beef, pork and mutton have the advantage in respect to palatability, for they are among our most appetizing f...
- Bibliography. The Dietary Habits Of Man In Several Parts Of The World
- 1. Crichton-Browne, J.: Parcimony in nutrition, New York, 1909. 2. Chittenden, R. H.: The nutrition of man, New York, 1907. Physiological economy in nutrition, New York, 1904. 3. McKay, D.: The pro...
- Chapter XVIII. The Most Fundamental Problem In Preventive Dentistry. 469. Recognition Of The Need Of Strengthening The Social Fabric
- Many thinking people are now calling attention to the imperative need of strengthening the social fabric. Huntington (1) points out that this can be accomplished only by improvement in the inherited f...
- 470. The Importance Of Physical Well-Being
- The value of an individual to society will be determined in great measure by the way he feels. His capacity for energy output and activity, his estimate of himself and his attitude toward his environm...
- 471. Evidences Of Physical Deterioration
- Keen observers have expressed during the last century, their belief that in a large part of the population of Europe and America, physical deterioration was seriously in progress. Herbert Spencer, wri...
- 473. Some New And Unfavorable Influences Are At Work To Undermine Health
- If one examines the writings of those of to-day who are most active in studying the health problems of children and in arousing the nation to activity in their behalf, one finds various causes assigne...
- 474. Some Observations On American School Children
- It would be out of place here to recite at length statistics which reveal the seriousness of our own problem of malnutrition, but a few facts brought to light by the examination of a large part of the...
- 475. More Can Be Achieved Through Dietary Reform Than Through Any Other Agency
- In preceding chapters data are presented which show the basis of the establishment of dietary habits which in great measure would bring about within two generations a return to physical standards in m...
- 476. The Story Of Adam
- Most striking among the results obtained by Mrs. Wood, of the Elizabeth McCormick Memorial Fund, is the history of Adam. This boy was in very poor physical condition, at the age of fourteen years, whe...
- 477. Prenatal Life, Infancy And Early Childhood Are The Critical Periods
- The greatest good is to come to the next generation, so far as educational effort can accomplish its purpose, through the solicitude of mothers and fathers in so caring for their unborn and born child...
- 478. Malnutrition Is Usually The Primary Cause Of Physical Inferiority In Childhood
- Malnutrition is not, as many have hitherto believed, ordinarily the secondary result of those physical defects which the clinic seeks to remedy, but it is the primary cause from which these physical d...
- 479. The Basis Of Preventive Dentistry Is Satisfactory Nutrition During Development
- A similar error is widespread concerning the most effective method of solving the problem of protecting the teeth from decay. In a recent publication Clark and Butler (6) state Dental caries is cause...
- 480. The Prevailing Ideas Regarding Preventive Dentistry Are Based On Wrong Premises
- These quotations represent fairly the position now being taken by almost if not quite all of the physicians and dentists who have, through their energy and solicitude caused the development of the pre...
- 481. The Most Satisfactory Type Of Diet
- In concluding this chapter it may be well to epitomize the system of living by means of which we and our descendants may recover the physical prestige we are rapidly losing owing to changed conditions...
- 482. Mistaken View Regarding The Cause Of The Physical Excellence Of Primitive Peoples
- It is not essential that we retrogress to a state of social, educational or ethical inferiority in order to enjoy the physical fitness frequently seen in half savage peoples. Too much emphasis has bee...
- 483. Concluding Statement
- In the course of these pages, I have traced the beginnings of the development of exact knowledge of the processes of nutrition, and have shown how the science expanded through the intricate reasoning ...
- Bibliography. The Most Fundamental Problem In Preventive Dentistry
- 1. Huntington, E.: World power and evolution, New Haven, 1919, p. 18. Treadway, W. L.: Psychiatric studies of delinquents. iv. Public Health Reports, Wash., D. C, 1920, xxxv, 1575. 2. Spencer, H.: Ci...
My Books
