369. In a few cases the r hook adds or, as in the

phrases at or about

, at or near,

Exercise

870. Write the following:

at or about at or near that place

at or about that time (tm) at or somewhere near at or near at or very near

"r" hook for "were."

371. As the ordinary word-sign for were, when affixed

to which and such, does not make a convenient junction,

the forms which in the second position represent which

are and such are may be written in the third position to

represent which were.

such were

This peculiar method of expressing were by the r hook may, if desired, be dispensed with without sacrificing the phrase, by attaching to which and such the inverted, instead of the regular, form for were, as in the phrases which were necessary

such were never,

(See Paragraph 298.)

In these cases, where the reporter writes would with the intention that it shall be read were, we have an illustration of "reporting license." Without a context, the character used for were might be misread would; but when were becomes a part of a phrase, and the phrase a part of a sentence, misreading is practically impossible.

372. Apart from the phrases which were and such were, the r hook is never used to express were, except in the phrases it were

, and as it were

Exercise

373. In the following phrases, were is to be expressed by the r hook:

which were able which were about which were always which were among which were best which were gone

which were again which were made which were many which were mos(t) important which were rather

which were received which were remembered which were represented which were right which were said to be which were something which were to be which were wrong such were

such were employed such were his

such were likely such were my reasons such were our such were received such were sent such were supposed such were the conditions such were the indications such were the opinions such were the thoughts such were to be

Enlarged "L" And "R" Hooks.

374. According to the Graham system (not the Pitman) an l hook enlarged (except on n and ray) signifies lr; and an r hook enlarged signifies rl. In phrasing the l thus added may represent all or will, and the r thus added

may represent are or our. For instance, flr

may

represent for all our, and thrl

may represent there will or they are all.

375. The author has not found it necessary to introduce this principle into his own practice, but as it is adopted by many reporters who use the Graham system, the following exercise is given for the benefit of students who may wish to take advantage of it:

Exercise

at all our

at all our efforts at all our meetings at all our mistakes

at all our reasons

by all our

by all our energy by all our friends

by all our legislation by all our principles by all our promises

during all

during almost during all meetings during all my life during all my term during all recent during all seasons during all you(r) life during all you(r) residence during all you(r) term

for all are

for all are doing for all are guilty for all are sensible for all are such for all our for all our designs for all our doings for all our friends for all our sakes for all our success

from all

from all (h)arm from all manner from all matters

from all receipts from all sources

if all are

if all are certain

if all are chosen

if all are determined

if all are guilty

if all are just

if all are sensible

if all are successful

if all our

if all our designs if all our decisions if all our efforts if all our friends if all our lessons if all our testimony if all our time (tm)

nor all

nor all such

nor all such matters

nor all that

nor all these (I. D.)

nor all they

nor all things

nor all this

nor all those (I. D.)

nor will

nor will anyone

nor will such

nor will that

nor will they

nor will this

nor will these (I. D.)

nor will those (I. D.)

nor will we

of all our

of all our attempts of all our best of all our business of all our friends of all our lessons of all our objections of all our success of all our suggestions of all our testimony of all our thinking of all our time of all our vanity of all our visits

over all

over all else (vocalize else)

over all his

over all my

over all these (vocalize

these) over all the nations over all the world

there will

there will always there will never there will no doubt there will now there will sometimes

they are all

they are all necessary they are all now they are all ready they are all required they are all sure they are always

through all

through all nations

through all our

through all places

through all such

through all the

till our

till our case till our many till our money till our proofs till our receipts till our reasons till our recent till our term

which are ail

which are all gone which are all impossible which are all mistakes which are all necessary

which are all right which are all the which are all wrong which are all the fashion

Limitation On The Use Of "R" Hook.

376. By careful writers, the use of the r hook in phrases for the purpose of word indication is not carried beyond the limited extent in this chapter. Inexperienced writers should Dear in mind that the indiscriminate and unrestricted use of this principle may lead to confusion in writing, and hesitation or error in reading.

377. The use of the r hook on tick word-signs, as practised by Graham writers (not Pitman writers), to add are, our and or, has been fully explained in previous lessons. (See Paragraphs 234, 236.)