Hypnotism; Or Suggestion And Psychotherapy | by August Forel, Dr. Phil. Et Jur.
A study of the psychological, psycho-physiological and therapeutic aspects of hypnotism
| Title | Hypnotism Or Suggestion And Psychotherapy |
| Author | August Forel, Dr. Phil. Et Jur. |
| Publisher | Rebman Company |
| Year | 1907 |
| Copyright | 1907, Rebman Company |
| Amazon | Hypnotism; Or, Suggestion and Psychotherapy |
By August Forel, M.D., Dr. Phil. (H. C.) Et Jur.(H. C), Chigny, Switzerland Formerly Professor of Psychiatry and Director of the Provincial Lunatic Asylum, Zurich
Translated from the fifth German Edition By H. W. Armit, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.
American Edition Revised and Corrected
Preface To The First English Edition- In recommending a very careful study of Professor Forel's book to the English-reading medical public, I can confidently promise that both from an academic and also a practical point of view much benef...
- Preface To The First Edition
- The chief part of the present little work appeared as an article in the Zeitschrift fur die Gesammte Strafrechtswissenschaft, under the title of Der Hypnotismns and seine strafrechtliche Bedeutung (...
- Preface To The Fifth Edition
- The fourth edition appeared in 1902, when this work had already increased considerably in size. Since this date only a few new data and new views have been brought to light, and therefore I have found...
- Chapter I. Consciousness And The Hypothesis Of Identity (Monism)
- It is necessary to have a clear idea of the meaning of consciousness in order to understand hypnotism. The phenomena of hypnotism actually indicate a play between the conceived and the apparently u...
- The Theory Of The Mneme
- Before we go further we must regard the phenomena of memory and allied processes more closely in the light of a recent highly important work-Starting from Ewald Hering's ingenious idea that instinct ...
- The Theory Of The Mneme. Part 2
- Psychology, therefore, cannot be limited to the study of the phenomena of our superconsciousness by means of introspection alone, for it would then be impossible. Every individual would only have the ...
- The Theory Of The Mneme. Part 3
- Exactly the same comparison holds good for the theory of dualism - the mind and the brain regarded as two separate things - and that of scientific monism - identity theory - which regards both as one ...
- The Theory Of The Mneme. Part 4
- The phenomenon of introspection is only an internal reflex of that which has taken place, the exterior of which appears to us as the moving matter with its energy. No one has ever been able to separat...
- The Theory Of The Mneme. Part 5
- As a result of what has been said, we must come to the conclusion that our human superconsciousness only means a summary, synthetic, incomplete, subjective illumination of the more developed portions ...
- The Theory Of The Mneme. Part 6
- In certain. peculiar cases of somnambulism two or more consciousnesses (the author apologizes for the use of the plural here) which are sharply differentiated from one another have been observed, and ...
- The Theory Of The Mneme. Part 7
- The most obscure chapter in the physiology of the central nervous system is that of the function of the so-called basal ganglia of the brain, the mid-brain, and the cerebellum. There is no doubt that ...
- The Theory Of The Mneme. Part 8
- Following up our definition of consciousness as the subjective side of concentrated cerebral activities, we find that it is the latter which contains the power of reasoning. But this must not be accep...
- Apperception
- Apperception or attention corresponds, as we have seen, to a kind of macula lulea of the maximum of intensity of the thinking activity wandering in the cerebral neurons. The thinking activity continuo...
- Chapter II. The Relationship Of Nerve Activity To Nerve Substance And To The Conditions Of Consciousness
- It is no longer necessary to demonstrate that the nerve activity is evidenced by increased metabolism and raising of the temperature. Visible changes in the nerve cells after intense stimulation of a ...
- The Relationship Of Nerve Activity To Nerve Substance And To The Conditions Of Consciousness. Part 2
- As far as I am concerned, the most important proof in favor of the neurone theory is not to be found in the histological appearanees, which are often very difficult to realize, but in the facts of emb...
- Relationship Of Nerve Activity To Nerve Substance And To The Conditions Of Consciousness. Part 3
- Hallucination proves that, under certain circumstances, the impressions of memory, and even whole complexes of the same, can be ecphorized again in such a manner, by pure internal stimuli of the brain...
- Chapter III. General Remarks On Hypnotism
- Facts The chief fact of hypnotism consists in the altered mental condition (or condition of the brain activity, considered from the physiological point of view) of a human being. One can call it hyp...
- Hypnotism Theories And Definitions
- The definitions which one applies to hypnotism depend on those theoretical views held on this subject. If we throw overboard as far as possible the ballast of undigested or superstitious nonsense whic...
- Hypnotism Theories And Definitions. Part 2
- It is exceedingly difficult in all these experiments, apart from accident and trickery, to exclude with certainty self-deception on the part of the hypnotized - that is, of the subject - and even on t...
- Hypnotism Theories And Definitions. Part 3
- But this is not all. A suggestion can take place unconsciously - that is, hypoeonsciously - or the corresponding conception may appear so feebly or for so short a time in the mirror of the superconsci...
- Hypnotism Theories And Definitions. Part 4
- If one considers what has been said, one is inclined to accept that the earlier hazy conception of hypnotism must become identified in the conception of suggestion. The explanation of the greatest por...
- Hypnotism Terminology
- The terms animal magnetism and mesmerism must be handed over to the fluid theory. One can term that science, which embraces all the phenomena connected with conceived and unconceived suggestion H...
- 1. Hypnotizability Or Suggestibility
- Bernheim wrote in 1888: 1 Tout medecin d'hopital qui dans son service clinique, n'arrive pas a hypnotiser 80 pour 100 de ses malades, doit se dire qu'il n'a pas encore 1'experience suffisante en la m...
- Hypnotizability Or Suggestibility. Part 2
- Another important fact is that one can not infrequently influence by suggestion a normally sleeping person and transport him into hypnosis without awakening him. It is still easier, in the reverse dir...
- Hypnotizability Or Suggestibility. Part 3
- He distinguishes hypotaxis with amnesia from somnambulism, and defines this as those cases in which the hypnotized still knows that one is speaking to him, but does not know what one says. Vogt obtai...
- 2. Sleep And Hypnosis
- I attempted to illustrate the relationship between the hypoconscious and the conscious brain activity, and thus to explain the action of suggestion, by means of the following examples in my book on th...
- Sleep And Hypnosis. Part 2
- The relationship of hypnosis to normal sleep is unmistakable, and I agree with Licbeault when he says that the former is only distinguishable in its essence from the latter by the fact of the connecti...
- Sleep And Hypnosis. Part 3
- When we observe a person sleeping, we notice that he moves, that he reacts to sensory stimuli, that he covers himself up again if one takes the bed-clothes away, that he not infrequently speaks, groan...
- Sleep And Hypnosis. Part 4
- A further peculiarity of the dream life is that the stimuli of the senses, which affect the sleeper, scarcely ever call forth the normal proper perception in the sleep consciousness. They are allegori...
- Sleep And Hypnosis. Part 5
- 3. On October 25, 1891, I dreamed the following dream: An unknown young man, who up to this time was Regierungs-rath (a title given in appreciation of their services by the Government to their offici...
- Sleep And Hypnosis. Part 6
- Under any circumstances, the dissociation in dream life is the most prominent feature. Just as sensations of smell or visceral sensations follow one another in point of time in the mirror of our consc...
- Sleep And Hypnosis. Part 7
- My assistant, Dr. Mercier, shook his head at my precaution; the nurse slept very well, and did not awaken during any night. My assistant examined the patient, at eight o'clock in the evening of May 6,...
- 3. Degrees Of Hypnosis
- Charcot's well-known phases lethargy, catalepsy, and somnambulism, depend on prepared hypnosis of hysterical persons. Bernheim attempted to introduce a classification in several degrees. However, ther...
- 4. Training
- One has heard a great deal of the training of the hypnotized. That one increases the suggestibility of a person by repeated hypnotizing is an assured fact. One can, above all, cause him to do everythi...
- 5. The Phenomena Of Hypnosis
- One can say that one can produce, influence, and prevent (inhibit, modify, paralyze, or stimulate) all the known subjective phenomena of the human mind by means of suggestion in hypnosis, and a large ...
- Sensory Phenomena
- I say, There is a flea on your right cheek; it itches abominably. The hypnotized person makes a grimace at once, and scratches his right cheek. You feel that your legs and arms are comfortably warm...
- Sensory Phenomena. Continued
- Every asylum doctor recognizes this phenomenon. In acute mental affections the discernment alters with the illness. At first there is a sort of duel between the healthy and diseased brain activity. As...
- Reflexes
- I say, You are yawning. The hypnotized yawns. You feel an irritation in your nose, and must sneeze three times in succession. The hypnotized immediately sneezes three times in the most natural way...
- Feelings, Impulses, And Disturbances Of Mood
- It is easy to suggest or inhibit appetite, thirst, and sexual impulse by affirmation. One can increase the action of the suggestion by palpating the stomach, or by causing suggested foodstuffs to be e...
- 6. Resistance Of The Hypnotized Person; Autosuggestion
- I have induced all the phenomena detailed and many others, as Liebeault, Bernheim, and others have done, in my hypnotized. However, as Bernheim has rightly emphasized, one need not allow one's self t...
- Resistance Of The Hypnotized Person; Autosuggestion. Continued
- Typical autosuggestions are the products of one's own brain, and abound freely in all healthy persons. For example, an otherwise healthy person is sleepless, but eats well. I hypnotize her, and induce...
- 7. Posthypnotic Phenomena
- The posthypnotic influences of suggestion belong to the most important phenomena of hypnotism. Everything which is produced in hypnosis itself can very frequently be called forth also in the waking co...
- 8. Amnesia, The Loss Of Memory
- It is necessary in this place to warn once more most emphatically against the time-honored confusing of this conception with that of unconscious-ness. That we do not have any recollection of a certain...
- 9. Suggestion As To Time (Suggestion A Echeance)
- This phenomenon, which has been so excellently described by the Nancy School, is only a variety of posthypnotic suggestion, albeit a variety of great practical importance. I said to a hypnotized: Yo...
- 10. Waking Suggestions
- One can apply suggestion successfully in very susceptible persons while they are wide awake, without having recourse to hypnotic sleep. All the phenomena of hypnosis or of posthypnotic suggestion can ...
- 11. The Condition Of Toe Mind During The Carrying Out Of Posthypnotic Suggestions, "Termineingebungen," And Waking Suggestions
- When one has frequently observed these phenomena, one realizes quite distinctly that the condition of the mind of the hypnotized persons in the three cases mentioned above must be, and actually is, th...
- The Condition Of Toe Mind During The Carrying Out Of Posthypnotic Suggestions, "Termineingebungen," And Waking Suggestions. Continued
- I gave the suggestion to an educated young man (a student) during hypnosis that bo would tap me on the right shoulder with his left hand when he awoke. He resisted the impulse, for he was very obstina...
- 12. Lasting Results Of Suggestion
- Can one permanently alter the mind or any nerve function by suggestion, in however slight a degree ? One has been able to give suggestion as to time for a whole year's duration; one has produced slee...
- Lasting Results Of Suggestion. Part 2
- Example I said all of a sudden to a certain Miss X., just as a young man who was a stranger to her came into the room (she was awake at the time): You know this gentleman. He stole your purse at the...
- Lasting Results Of Suggestion. Part 3
- 2 Gottfried Keller (Der Gruene Heinrich, new edition, 1879. chap. viii., p. 107 et seq.. Crimes of Children) - - I did not speak much, but took care that nothing of what was taking place before my...
- 14, Simulation And Dissimulation Of Hypnosis
- It must be apparent to every thinking person, from what has been said, (1) that the judgment of those skeptic esprits forts who cursorily dismiss hypnosis as humbug is based on a narrow-minded bias, w...
- 15. The Significance Of Suggestion
- I can deal briefly with this, and refer the reader further to what has already been aaid. The principal significance of suggestion is a psychological and psychophysiological one. It offers the psychol...
- 16, The Nature Of The Action Of Suggestion
- That which we know psychologically of suggestion lies, on the one hand, in the sphere of consciousness, and in the observed motor, vasomotor, secretory, and similar reactions, on the other hand. But h...
- The Theory Of Sleep
- I showed the inadequateness of the theories which attempted to refer sleep to a collection of exhaustion products - lactic acid (Preyer) - or which tried to measure the depth of sleep by the intensity...
- Feelings
- According to Vogt, feelings are of no value for the production of normal hypnosis, but are of importance for the production of hysterical hypnosis and of the hypnosis of fright. Feelings appear usual...
- Feelings. Part 2
- In opposition to inhibition, one calls the increase of the excitability of a center by conduction of neurokymes along various tracks 'simulation increase,' or opening up of a path (Bahnung of Exner)....
- Feelings. Part 3
- Let us test a negative hallucination produced by waking suggestion. I give the suggestion that the subject will not see me on awakening. The result is extremely varied, but there is always a parallel...
- Feelings. Part 4
- I will add two more examples of hysterics, in proof of the correctness of the principle propounded. I gave to one of these the suggestion mentioned above. I disappeared, but she still saw the surro...
- Chapter V. Suggestion And Disorders Of The Mind - Hysteria
- Of all people the insane are the least suggestible, and those whose mental disturbances are severe are usually absolutely unsuggestible. All hypnotists of experience agree in this. This is probably du...
- Suggestion And Disorders Of The Mind - Hysteria. Part 2
- It would have been wiser to have passed by this confused work without taking any notice of it, were it not for the fact that it reflects accurately the confusion existing in so many minds. Babinski re...
- Suggestion And Disorders Of The Mind - Hysteria. Part 3
- One meets at times with acute curable hysteria, following severe emotions (psychical traumata) or wasting illnesses, and also arising without any ascertainable cause, and the patients in these cases h...
- Suggestion And Disorders Of The Mind - Hysteria. Part 4
- Mental disease is not characterized by the psychological form of a symptom or of a symptom complex, hut by a disease of the brain itself. The cause of the disease (apart from general paralysis of the ...
- Suggestion And Disorders Of The Mind - Hysteria. Part 5
- All these brain activities act as antagonists to suggestion. But the worst of all for the suggestion is when a definite antagonist (emotion, conception, impulse of will, or a mixture of these activiti...
- Chapter VI. Hints To The Practitioner On Suggestive Treatment And Psychotherapeutics
- If one wishes to hypnotize, and especially to obtain therapeutic results by this means, one must first arm one's self with great patience, with enthusiasm, with consistency, with an unhesitating manne...
- Hints To The Practitioner On Suggestive Treatment And Psychotherapeutics. Part 2
- According to Bernheim's procedure, one requests the patient to sit in the armchair, tells him to look straight into one's eyes for a few seconds, but not longer than one minute, and declares to him lo...
- Hints To The Practitioner On Suggestive Treatment And Psychotherapeutics. Part 3
- I lay great stress on this procedure. I am absolutely convinced that want of knowledge of this or ignoring it is responsible for the unintentional damages ascribed to hypnosis of which we read in the ...
- Hints To The Practitioner On Suggestive Treatment And Psychotherapeutics. Part 4
- On one occasion a hystero-epileptic woman was brought to me with the history of several severe attacks daily during the past seven years, and of total incapability for work. I was called to her during...
- Hints To The Practitioner On Suggestive Treatment And Psychotherapeutics. Part 5
- I have repeatedly emphasized, and Bernheim has done the same, that suggestion is not a panacea which cures all ills. If one expects everything of it, one will be disappointed. It is of paramount impor...
- Hints To The Practitioner On Suggestive Treatment And Psychotherapeutics. Part 6
- Both Wetterstrand 1 and Bernheim emphasize that one is apt greatly to undervalue the palliative action of suggestion in producing sleep and in quieting pain in severe incurable diseases, such as tuber...
- Hints To The Practitioner On Suggestive Treatment And Psychotherapeutics. Part 7
- From the year 1898 to 1905 I have only occasionally treated a few patients in Chigny, in the country, by suggestion according to Wetterstrand's system. In all, the number of patients has reached 236. ...
- Alcoholism And Morphinism
- Lloyd Tuckey1 and Hirt recommend suggestion in the treatment of alcoholism. I must caution against a crass misunderstanding in this place. It is an absolutely idiotic and harmful undertaking to try to...
- Chapter VII. Hypnotism And Psychotherapy
- Since suggestion has gained a certain recognition in medicine some curious opinions have been aired. The doctor and also the medical student hear a lot about suggestion, and read of it occasionally, t...
- Hypnotism And Psychotherapy. Part 2
- Dubois erroneously calls the milder cerebral neuroses, such as hysteria, phobias, neurasthenia, etc., psycho-nevroses (psychoneuroses). As is well known, the word psychoneu-roses had long ago been...
- Hypnotism And Psychotherapy. Part 3
- One should inquire at times for previous emotional psychical traumata, which might act casually, especially when dealing with hysterical disturbances, if one follows the advice of Freud. However, this...
- Hypnotism And Psychotherapy. Part 4
- Let me now pass on to a few short examples. My friends who are mentioned here may recognize themselves in the accounts, hut in the interest of their fellow-creatures they will forgive me for this publ...
- Hypnotism And Psychotherapy. Part 5
- 5. An accomplished young man, of hysterical, impulsive constitution, became ill as a result of mental excitement which was caused by painful circumstances. A number of different, apparently very sever...
- Chapter VIII. A Case Of Spontaneous Somnambulism - The Cure Of Constipation, And The Rationale Of It
- I should be overstepping the limits and objects of this work were I to present the reader with long lists. Lists of this kind have already been published on several occasions, and I cannot do better t...
- A Case Of Spontaneous Somnambulism - The Cure Of Constipation, And The Rationale Of It. Part 2
- Report In 1895 The cure has been maintained. A recurrence of the rheumatism, which took place two years previously, had been cured in two sittings. The preparations for a big operation (rectal carcin...
- Case Of Spontaneous Somnambulism - The Cure Of Constipation, And The Rationale Of It. Part 3
- I must emphasize that this person was hysterical. This will he found mostly to be the case in well-marked spontaneous somnambulists. The sleeping attacks have something of the character of hysterical ...
- Constipation And The Explanation Of The Cure Of The Same By Means Of Suggestion
- I should wish to place those disturbances of the body which are usually performed unconsciously, the results of which alone are conceived by us, but which come under the influence of the central nervo...
- Constipation And The Cure By Means Of Suggestion. Part 2
- One thing is certain: the final cause of constipation is stagnation and inspissation of faecal material in the large intestine, no matter how this is brought about. The desire to go to stool, acting a...
- Constipation And The Cure By Means Of Suggestion. Part 3
- The success of suggestion demonstrates the correctness of my assertion very clearly. We throw a powerful wave of innervation by means of suggestion, starting from the brain along the path accustomed t...
- Chapter IX. A Case Of Hysterical, Partly Retrogressive Amnesia, With Protracted Somnambulism, Analyzed And Cured By Suggestion
- Me. N., aged thirty-two years, sought admission into my clinic of his own accord. He came of a good family, but inherited a marked taint of psychical abnormalities from his father. One of his brothers...
- A Case Of Hysterical Amnesia, With Somnambulism, Cured By Suggestion. Part 2
- I shared a cabin with an old Irishman, whom I scarcely ever understood when he spoke to me. As far as I can remember, it was very hot while I was on board. I read a great deal about this time, as I ha...
- A Case Of Hysterical Amnesia, With Somnambulism, Cured By Suggestion. Part 3
- Professor Forel determined the diagnosis already on the first day of his stay. This was total temporary amnesia, with confusion of thoughts, probably resulting from the attack of dengue fever mention...
- A Case Of Hysterical Amnesia, With Somnambulism, Cured By Suggestion. Part 4
- At first a suggestive treatment was undertaken, in order to improve Mr. N.'s general psychical condition. The first hypnosis was carried out in the presence of several other patients who had been hyp...
- A Case Of Hysterical Amnesia, With Somnambulism, Cured By Suggestion. Part 5
- Shortly before a second visit the name of a certain Mr. R. suddenly occurred to the patient, and as he did not remember ever having had anything to do with a person of this name, ho concluded that th...
- A Case Of Hysterical Amnesia, With Somnambulism, Cured By Suggestion. Part 6
- The hypnotic treatment had to be interrupted for a time at this stage, as the patient was suddenly seized by an attack of pneumonia. The illness ran its usual course, but weakened the patient conside...
- A Case Of Hysterical Amnesia, With Somnambulism, Cured By Suggestion. Part 7
- But a result could be noted again when Professor Forel connected the suggestions to the period, which the patient had spontaneously retained in his memory, thus carrying out a method corresponding to...
- Chapter X. A Case Of Double Consciousness
- M. Z., an hysterical person who was fond of adventure and of a free life, was hypnotized in a university town by some students for fun, and discovered that she was an excellent medium. She then wen...
- Chapter XI. Suggestion In Its Relation To Medicine And To Quackery
- In spite of all the drastic satires which the priests of AEsculapius have had to submit to in all times, and which Moliere's M. le Poureeaugnac, Le Malade imaginaire, etc., are perhaps the severes...
- Suggestion In Its Relation To Medicine And To Quackery. Part 2
- I must request the reader to consider the process of the cure of an idiopathic neuralgia or of a functional paralysis. One sees it taking place miraculously immediately on applying the remedy, or adv...
- Suggestion In Its Relation To Medicine And To Quackery. Part 3
- Brown-Sequard's empiricisms on spermalotherapy also were admitted into scientific medicine, possibly because they originated from a scientist Naturally, curative results were obtained by this means, f...
- Suggestion In Its Relation To Medicine And To Quackery. Part 4
- It has become a problem of the investigations in therapeutics of the future to exclude the suggestive element carefully and with scientific certainty by means of exact, painstaking experiments with ev...
- Chapter XII. The Forensic Aspect Of Suggestion
- Von Lilienthal 1 published an excellent resume of the results of hypnotism in its relations to law. This essay has been composed from the lawyer's point of view, and illustrates the question very luci...
- The Forensic Aspect Of Suggestion. Part 2
- There is no doubt, however, that all these safeguards of hypnotism are almost completely lost for certain better somnambulists, especially for certain hysterical persons, who are so completely and d...
- The Forensic Aspect Of Suggestion. Part 3
- If I say to a hypnotized person, After you awaken you will drink some water out of this glass, this suggestion is carried out without any hesitation. If I add to this, You will also place this cha...
- The Forensic Aspect Of Suggestion. Part 4
- One must agree with Delboeuf that Liegeois has exaggerated the forensic dangers of suggestion greatly, and the facts - i.e., the small number of actually proved crimes induced by hypnotism (suggestion...
- The Forensic Aspect Of Suggestion. Part 5
- However, in spite of all this, the danger of the hypnotized, who pays such close attention to the hypnotist, detecting unspoken intentions of the latter, and of thus losing his suggestibility, is so g...
- The Forensic Aspect Of Suggestion. Part 6
- A sad case which took place in Hungary in 1894 seems to belong to this category. A magnetizer, believing in telepathy, who bad not been medically trained, had repeatedly hypnotized a girl suffering fr...
- Von Schrenck-Notzing's Views And Cases
- Von Sehrenck has taken up this question during the last few years.1 Von Sehrenck divides the forensic cases, as I too have done, into - 1. Crimes on hypnotized persons. 2. Crimes which are committe...
- Von Schrenck-Notzing's Views And Cases. Part 2
- Whether one believes that Berchthold was guilty or innocent, the trial indisputably showed up the fact that part of the evidence of witnesses was inspired by the newspapers. In what other way can one...
- Von Schrenck-Notzing's Views And Cases. Part 3
- False accusations of medical men and hypnotists for sexual misdeeds are much more frequent than proved real immoral acts on hypnotized persona. Even in the case of actual seduction, the excuse that t...
- Chapter XIII. Hypnotism And The Medical Schools
- The postulate mentioned in the preceding chapter proves conclusively that it is the duty of the medical practitioner to know and understand suggestion, even if the reader has not been convinced of thi...
- Chapter XIV. Suggestion In Animals - The Winter And Summer Sleepers
- Liebeault 1 has referred the winter sleep of the dormouse to psychical causes analogous to suggestion, and proved already at that time that cold could not be the cause of this sleep, since the same an...
- Suggestion In Animals - The Winter And Summer Sleepers. Continued
- I now come to the celebrated experimentum mirabile of Athanasius Kircher, which the keen-sighted Padre had already entitled On the Power of Imagination of the Hen. It is true that the experiment, in...
- Chapter XV. A Hypnotized Hypnotist
- Professor E. Bleuler1 writes on the Psychology of Hypnosis as follows: Very few self-observations by hypnotized persons have so far been published. The following notice may therefore be of some in...
- A Hypnotized Hypnotist. Continued
- On the following evening I was hypnotized twice lying on the sofa by Dr. von Speyr, and on the following day once by Professor Forel. The experiments mentioned were repeated with great ease, and, fur...
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