"I will add two more examples of hysterics, in proof of the correctness of the principle propounded.

"I gave to one of these the suggestion mentioned above. I disappeared, but she still saw the surroundings. She soon became very excited, rushed about in an anxious manner, and exclaimed that she was becoming ill again, she could not think properly, and that she saw everything red. The patient explained then, after I had again quieted her, without having removed the recollection from her mind, ' her illness had begun in this way; she had not been able to see anything: it had all become confused and mixed in front of her eyes. She had forgotten all about it till now, but it had now all returned to her.'

"The second patient was brought into the clinic paralyzed and dumb, after she had been found in this condition in the street. One day, after the symptoms bad disappeared, I gave her the waking suggestion of complete anaesthesia. The suggestion succeeded, and the patient became correspondingly paralytic. Noticing a change in the expression of the patient's face, I removed the suggestion. But it was too late. The patient moved slowly and rigidly about, and did not recognize her surroundings. She was again dumb. I hypnotized her, and suggested clearness and recollection to her. The patient then acknowledged that she had believed that she was lying in the street. The memory of the past attack bad thus been recalled. "We have therefore explained the mechanism of the subjective complementation of all suggestions on the part of the hypnotized person, and especially the constant changing condition between positive and negative hallucinations {see p. 90), by the referring back of the inhibitions to other paths which have been opened up.

"If we refer all suggestion phenomena back to one-sided paths which have been opened up this would have to hold good for the most important suggestion as well - i.e., sleep. Sleep is produced in the new-born by means of certain dynamisms of the lower brain centers depending on chemical changes, probably a vasomotor character chiefly. Certain sensations which appear more strongly as the consciousness increases (parallel with the development of the cerebrum) precede this reflex sleep. These are increasing bodily and mental heaviness, and especially the feeling of heaviness of the eyes, which is chiefly excited by the gradual reflex contraction of the orbicularis muscles. These associate themselves gradually to form a complex, the conception of sleep, by means of mutual opening up of paths. If one of the sensations appear at a later date in response to a stimulus, the others will follow, as the excitability will spread along the tracts which conduct well. Further simultaneous associations then lead to a connection in the tracks between the conception of sleep and the lower centers, producing sleep. This track becomes such a good conductor that ultimately it is the conception of sleep which produces sleep.

We thus produce a general dissociation, caused by a change of the metabolism, by means of suggestive excitability of the conception of sleep. We create in this way, by means of opening up a path, a suitable soil for the action of further opening up of new paths.

"In this manner the conception of sleep obtains a purely motor character. But this is only a special case of a general law dealing with the development of brain mechanism. In the same way all voluntary movements have developed from involuntary ones by the sensations of reflex movements becoming the causal conception, or the impulse of the will. The doubt with which one at first opposed certain suggestive results was based on the fact that this developmental process is further advanced than one could suppose from the position of our anatomical knowledge. These - e.g., the influencing of the intestinal peristalsis, of the vasomotor nerves, and of the secretions of glands - are established beyond all doubt at the present time. Their dependence on the sensations indicates in itself a connection of their centers with the cerebrum. The doctrine of suggestion has proved that those dulled, scarcely conceived sensations, have already become weakly motor conceptions. A prospective insight into the further development of our cerebrum, and into the increasing subordination of the reflex movements beneath the intelligence, is opened out by this."

Dr. O. Vogt wishes that the hypothetical character of bis theoretical discussions should be preserved, and I therefore call especial attention to this wish here.

Ed. Claparede. expounds a "Theorie biologique du som-meil," 1 which agrees in the main with ours; he sums up the details as follows:

"Le sommeil n'est pas la consequence d'un simple arret de fonctionnement; il est une fonction positive, un instinct, qui a pour but cet arret de fonctionnement; ce n'est pas par ce que nous sommes intoxiques, ou epuises, que nous dormons mais nous dormons pour ne pas petre."

Claparede therefore endorses what is being said in this chapter and in Chapter XIV (Suggestion In Animals - The Winter And Summer Sleepers) ("Suggestion in Animals"). It is evident that if sleep sets in on the one hand actively and suggestively or autosuggestively, and can even be voluntarily brought about, and on the other hand is adapted to the object of the reconstruction or assimilation of the brain neurons, it must have been developed in animals phylogenetically in an instinctively automatic fashion.

1 Ed. Claparede, "Theoric biologique du sommeil." (Archives des sciences physique et natureles de Genive. March, 1904.)

I may mention, as belonging to the works on the theory of suggestion, the articles by Professor Lipps, 1 Dr. Doellken, 2 and Dr. F. Koehler, 3 all of which are highly valuable and interesting, and have been placed by the side of other works of O. Vogt's in the Zeitschrift fur Hypnotismus. Still, these contributions do not compare with Vogt's attempts at explaining the matter.

1 Professor Lipps, "Zur Psychologie der Suggestion." 2 Dr. Doellken. "Zur Physiologic der Hypnose."

3 Dr. F. Koehler. "Experimentelle Studien auf dem Gebiet des hypnotischen Somnambulismus.'