According to Vogt, feelings are of no value for the production of normal hypnosis, but are of importance for the production of hysterical hypnosis and of the hypnosis of fright.

Feelings appear usually as accompanying phenomena (shade of feeling) of the intellectual elements. By mood (Stimmung) one understands the collective condition of feelings at any given time. By the term "attitude of mood" one means the disposition or tendency of the frame of mind to react on the appearance of one or other of the intellectual elements with this or that mood.

We are not able to localize feelings in space. From this fact, Vogt thinks that he can agree with Lipps that they cannot be deflected from sensations. I do not consider that this argument can hold good, for pure intellectual abstract things also exist which are not in themselves capable of being localized as far as place is concerned (let me instance the idea of independence or that of the pitch of a musical tone), and can, notwithstanding, be deflected from sensations.

Feelings must be regarded as being elementary. While Hoeffding and others only accept two fundamental qualities of feeling, inclination and disinclination, Wundt accepts three opposite pairs of qualities: (1) inclination - disinclination; (2) excitability - inhibition; (3) tension - relaxation.

Vogt's attempts with an exceptionally suitable person, who had been educated up to this for a considerable time, only yielded at first two sharply differentiated series of opposing feelings, which appear markedly in the contracted condition of consciousness in hypnosis, and which can be analyzed: (1) Pleasant - unpleasant; (2) elevating or exhilarating or making easier - relaxing or depressing or rendering sad.

Vogt calls the first series hedonistic, and the second series sthenic. They correspond to the first and second quality pair of Wundt's classification. While both series took place approximately parallel with pressure and pain, this was less marked with taste and smell, and was not the case with stimulation of hearing. In the last-named ease they were rather inversely proportional.

One gathers from Vogt's very extensive experiments that the weakest grades of the intellectual elements (sensations) are quite indifferent (without accentuation of feeling). In the somewhat higher grades an accentuation of inclination appears, which increases; in a greater intensity the inclination again diminishes and a second indifference point appears, which in its turn is followed by disinclination in still further increased intensity. Even in sensation of pain there is behind the threshold of inclination "a pleasant pain," although the sensation of pain, as Max von Frey has shown and Vogt has confirmed, is qualitatively different from the sensation of pressure. The same applies also to the sthenic series.

When one is not dealing with direct sensations, but only with the reproduction of the same by conception, the intellectual elements naturally awaken the shades of feeling which were formerly associated with them.

Persistence of emotional elements after the disappearance of the associated intellectual elements can be demonstrated. But one is, of course, only dealing with the conscious field, and intellectual elements may persist hypoconsciously. If one succeeds in rendering the intellectual element conscious again, one heightens the feelings. Vogt's excellent experiments therefore show:

1. That the feeling in the consciousness at least may outlive its intellectual substratum.

2. That feelings can enter into the consciousness even without an intellectual substratum.

Still, the latter only applies for the psychical series (the introspective side); a physiological process is always uncon-ceived in the background.

Every feeling is accompanied by a deflection of nervous stimulation energy in the transcortical and subcortical tracks, and is produced slightly later than its intellectual substratum. The feelings are therefore, no doubt, psychical parallel processes of the deflection processes of the energy of nervous stimulation. In the language of the identity theory, I should say that feelings represent the introspection of the deflection processes of the energy of nervous stimulation. Since such deflections take place in every area of the brain, there can be no localization for the feelings.

Vogt deduces from this that a desire is contained in every feeling, or that the will manifests itself through the feelings, and is not materially different from feeling. Vogt's work is, unfortunately, still incomplete; but it points out the way in which one can use hypnotism for psychological investigation, and throws a luminous light on to the whole question of the relation of psychology to the physiology of the brain.

In the third edition of his work Vogt states the following in special relation to the mechanism of suggestion:

"We call every deflection which diminishes the irritability of the individual neurones as such, as a rule, inhibition. We speak of the inhibition causing the psychical balance by means of the association of ideas. An hysterical person complained to me of motor weakness. His dynamometric grasp was 1 = 97. I thought that this was not so bad. From this time onward his highest grasp was 50, and the average was only 28. What had taken place? The track between the movement conception of the grasp and that of the motor weakness had become more strongly conductible by means of an irritation issuing from the center for the latter. A part of the neurokyme arriving at the center for the movement conception was deflected from this time into this track. I was also enabled to observe the reverse. A psychopath got the hypochondriacal conception that he was very weak. This conception paralyzed his grasp by deflection so much that he could only press 1 = 65 and r = 55. I then produced absolute anaesthesia for the affected arm by waking suggestion. The grasp was naturally reduced to r = 0. I then suggested to him that amount of feeling to give him free movement. He pressed r = 115 and 1 = 120, having at the same time a numbed feeling in his joints. I had-caused a localized dissociation by means of the first suggestion. As a result of a constellation favoring me, the dissociation - i.e., the cutting off of the deflection - persisted in the second suggestion for the hypochondriacal conception. The track between the center corresponding to the latter and that of the movement conception did not deflect again, or, as one can also express oneself, the hypochondriacal conception was for the time being forgotten. The higher centers further inhibit the lower ones by such-like deflections of a part of a neurokyme. 1 In the ease in which the deflection is rendered impossible on account of functional or organic changes, the motor discharge of the neurokyme, which now only passes through one lower center, increases in intensity and rapidity.