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Paint And Varnish Facts And Formulae | by J. N. Hoff



A hand book for the maker, dealer and user of paints and varnishes.

TitlePaint And Varnish Facts And Formulae
AuthorJ. N. Hoff
PublisherD. Van Nostrand and Company
Year1905
Copyright1904, Lemuel B. Osborne
AmazonThe Industrial And Artistic Technology Of Paint And Varnish
Paint And Varnish Facts And Formulae 2
-Chapter I. White Paints And Pigments. White Lead
THIS is the most important of all paint forming dry material, from the standpoint of general, indeed universal use, it answering most of the requirements demanded. Its production cost and selling p...
-Oxide Of Zinc
White zinc as a pigment is next in importance to white lead. It is made by strongly heating metallic zinc in fireclay retorts in a reverberatory furnace. The heat vaporizes the metal, which vapor is b...
-Sulphide Of Zinc
Sulphide Of Zinc, is a white pigment of considerable body, sometimes used as a paint. On account of the sulphur it contains, it may exert a detrimental effect when mixed with some pigments. Lithoph...
-Sulphate Of Lead
Sulphate Of Lead is a neutral lead pigment of crystalline structure and poor covering power. It is sometimes mixed with or substituted for white lead. It is found as a by-product in the preparation of...
-Sulphate Of Barium
Barytes is a natural mineral prepared for use by simply drying and grinding. Enormous quantities are used as an adulterant, in almost all pigments. It is crystalline and does not deaden the color with...
-Whiting And Paris White
Whiting And Paris White, which is powdered chalk (carbonate of lime) is found in nature. It is ground, washed and floated through vats with excess of water, and allowed to settle. The best grades bein...
-Silica
Silica, or silicon dioxide, is a widely distributed mineral. It occurs in rocky masses of crystalline formation, clear, or partly opaque, and white in color when pure. It is prepared for use by grindi...
-China Clay
China Clay, or silicate of alumina forms part of the composition of several minerals, notably feldspar, granite, porphyry and similar rocks. By the action of the carbonic acid in the air, aided by wat...
-Talc
Talc, or silicate of magnesium, is a soft, white mineral, and soap stone is but another form containing aluminum. It is used, occasionally in paints, dry and mixed, as an adulterant, and in wood fille...
-Gypsum
Gypsum, or terra alba is calcium sulphate containing moisture. It is found in a commonly oc-curing class of minerals, both crystalline and fibrous, and in the form of gypsum earth or land plaster. ...
-Lime, Or Calcium Oxide
Lime, Or Calcium Oxide is made by burning lime stone (calcium carbonate) which is a mineral of common occurence. It is found in the bones of all animals, shells and as marble, coral, chalk, and in oth...
-Flake White And Chemnitz White
Flake White And Chemnitz White are carefully prepared forms of white lead, wherein the pigment is of superior whiteness and in a very finely divided state by rewashing and floating, whereby the bulkie...
-Chapter II. The Oxides Of Iron
METALLIC brown, natural indian reds, Venetian reds, purple oxides, ochres, siennas and umbers come under this head, and are various combinations, consisting mainly of iron oxide and silica or clay fou...
-Carbon
Carbon is the coloring agent in almost all black pigments. These pigments are of organic origin, being products of either animal or vegetable matter. In a general way, these pigments may be divided in...
-Chapter III. The Chemical Colors. Chrome Yellows
Chrome Yellows, in a general way, are produced by the chemical combination of potassium chromate and lead acetate, or by digesting lead sulphate with a warm solution of potassium chromate. The so-c...
-Cadmium Yellow, Or Sulphide Of Cadmium
Cadmium Yellow, Or Sulphide Of Cadmium is made by combining some salt of cadmium with sulphur. It varies from pure yellow to orange red, and is a fairly permanent pigment. Barium Chromate Barium...
-Mars Yellow
Mars Yellow is artificially prepared yellow ochre. It may be made by precipitating ferrous sulphate, (green vitriol) solution and alum with caustic soda, potash, or lime. The amount of alum in the iro...
-Naples Yellow, Or Lead Antimoniate
Naples Yellow, Or Lead Antimoniate is also a pigment used by artists. It has a fair degree of permanency, but it injures and is injured by some organic pigments, including many of the lakes and, hence...
-Yellow Lake Or Dutch Pink
Yellow Lake Or Dutch Pink is a lake produced from several sources, principally, however, from quercitron bark, from several varieties of the oak tree. A hot water decoction of the bark is treated with...
-Chrome Greens
Chrome Greens are produced by a combination of prussian blue and chrome yellow. This is usually done, not by mixing the separate colors dry, but in the process of manufacture, chrornate of lead and pr...
-Green Oxide Of Chromium Or True Chrome Green
Green Oxide Of Chromium Or True Chrome Green is a permanent color produced by reducing bichromate of potassium with sulphur or starch by a suitable process. It is a greyish green powder and has consid...
-Emerald Oxide Of Chromium
Emerald Oxide Of Chromium is another permanent green color of deep bluish cast made from potassium bichromate and boracic acid. It has no action on other pigments and can be used in oil or water with ...
-True Emerald Green
True Emerald Green is some form of paris green made from blue vitriol, acetic acid and white arsenic. While very beautiful in shade from its brightness and vivacity of color, its drawbacks are so many...
-Bronze Greens, Bottle Greens And Quaker Greens
Bronze Greens, Bottle Greens And Quaker Greens are combinations of chrome green with carbon black together with large proportions of paris white or barytes. Ochres combined with lamp black will also p...
-Ultramarine Blue
Ultramarine Blue occurs naturally in Lapis Lazuli and was formerly obtained from this mineral by a simple process of heating, cooling quickly in water and further careful washing and separation of the...
-Prussian Blue, Berlin Blue, Or Chinese Blue
Prussian Blue, Berlin Blue, Or Chinese Blue is a dark blue transparent, and very powerful staining color, used solely for tinting. There are at least three distinct kinds of Prussian blue depending up...
-Celestial Blue
Celestial Blue is occasionally used as a fresco color and by artists. It is made by combining oxide of tin or potassium stannate with cobalt chloride with further heating of the precipitate with silic...
-Cobalt Blue
Cobalt Blue is a name applied to several blue pigments, the best known of these is a combination of alumina and oxide of cobalt. Another is made from phosphate of cobalt and still another from the ars...
-Indigo
Indigo is of little interest to the painter, except from a historical standpoint. It is prepared from a shrub grown extensively in India. The plants are macerated in water, allowed to ferment and boil...
-Red Lead Or Oxide Of Lead
Red Lead Or Oxide Of Lead is made by heating metallic lead in furnaces of proper construction. Its tone depending upon the care in roasting the pig lead from which it is made. ...
-Orange Mineral
Orange Mineral is made by roasting white lead in the same way that red lead is produced from the metal. I have mentioned there substances here on account of their extensive use in the manufacture of v...
-True Vermillion
True Vermillion is a sulphide of mercury found in nature and also made by combining sulphur and quicksilver under suitable conditions. While a brilliant red, it is very expensive. Heat destroys it and...
-The Lakes
The Lakes are insoluble pigments, made by precipitating organic coloring matter with metallic salts. For instance, yellow lake, before mentioned. ...
-Carmine
Carmine is a brilliant red pigment prepared from cochineal, which is the dried wingless females of a species of coccus, a small insect found on several species of cactus. The coloring matter is extrac...
-The Analine Colors
The Analine Colors are obtained from coal tar or nitro benzole. If nitro benzole is treated with iron filings and acetic acid in the proper apparatus, aniline is produced. Various aniline colors are m...
-Chapter IV. Classification Of Pigments Colors In Oil, Japan And Water
PIGMENTS are often classed according to their color, hue, brightness and purity. Their transparency and opacity must also be considered. The more important classification, however, is their permanency...
-Testing Of Paints And Colors
Under white lead and linseed oil we have given tests for the purity of these important substances. To make tests, it is always well to have samples on hand, if possible, of known purity for comparison...
-Chapter V. Oils And Solvents. Linseed Oil
Linseed Oil, of all vehicles used to form, with pigment, paint, linseed oil is the most important, and the painter cannot know too much about this substance, of which from 30 to 35 million gallons are...
-China Wood Oil
China Wood Oil, or tung oil is the best drying oil known. This is universally used in China in paints, lacquers, and water-proofing materials, and is now being used, more or less, among varnish makers...
-Poppy Seed Oil
Poppy Seed Oil is used in paint and varnishes to some extent in Europe, but in this country mainly in artists colors. It is expressed from the seed of the poppy plant which grows in the eastern countr...
-Walnut Oil
Walnut Oil expressed from the fruit of the walnut tree, growing in Europe and America, is another drying oil used extensively in Europe. The fruit contains from 40 to 50 per cent of oil. Of other d...
-Spirits Of Turpentine
Spirits Of Turpentine is obtained from the resinous sap of several varieties of pine trees. The domestic supply comes from the southern pine, which grows profusely in all the south Atlantic and Gulf C...
-Rosin Oils
Rosin Oils are produced by distilling rosin. Large cast iron stills are used for this purpose and a fair grade of rosin gives the best results. The addition of 5 per cent. of paraffine oil to the r...
-Venice Turpentine
Venice Turpentine is an oleo resin from the European larch tree and resembles very closely the crude turpentine of our southern pine. The crude resinous sap is prepared for use by simply driving off t...
-Petroleum Spirits
Petroleum Spirits are the lighter products obtained in the distillation of crude petroleum or mineral oil. Similar products are obtained in distilling bituminous shales, natural asphaltums and crude g...
-Grain Alcohol
Grain Alcohol is produced by fermentation and distillation from all grains, potatoes, beet root residues and, in fact, from any substance containing starch or sugar in appreciable quantities. The f...
-Wood Alcohol
Wood Alcohol is obtained in the dry distillation of wood. When wood is thus treated in closed retorts, the products yielded are acetic acid, tar and wood spirit. The tar readily separates from the ...
-Chapter VI. Varnishes
The term varnish is used to designate any solution, which, when spread with a brush in a thin layer on the surface of an object, dries with a smooth, lustrous, transparent film. The principal ingre...
-Varnishes. Continued
The very cheap varnishes are made from common rosin treated in various ways, with the idea of hardening the rosin and rendering it, if possible, less liable to the action of dampness or moisture which...
-Chapter VII. Ready Mixed Paints. Kalsomines, Etc
The use of ready mixed paints seems to be a thorn in the side of the average painter, and in some cases with reason. The market has been flooded with miserable, grossly cheapened and adulterated mixtu...
-Kalsomines
Kalsomines and cold water paints are of interest to the painter, even though he may still prepare his own with whiting, glue and hot water. The ready made hot water kalsomines are similar in compos...
-Glue And Gelatlne
Glue And Gelatlne is the animal matter contained in bones, sinews, hide and similar substances, of animal origin. It is procured by boiling out the glue forming substances with the aid of water, or by...
-Bronzes
Bronzes are made from the powders resulting from the forging metals, mainly copper, iron, zinc, and tin. The powdered metal in the course of preparation is ground and heated with a little oil, grease,...
-Gums
The so-called gums used in varnish making are in reality resins in contra distinction to the true gums. Resins are but slightly, if at all, soluble in water, while the true gums are fully soluble in t...
-Waxes
The principal waxes of interest to the painter are bees' wax, carnauba, ceresin and par-affine. Bees Wax is the best known. The crude wax is frequently bleached for use where whiteness is an object...
-Chapter VIII. Varnish And Paint Troubles And Their Remedies
It is of importance to observe the action of a drying oil, of which linseed oil is the most used, and can be taken as the best example. It is seldom used alone, but mixed with resins as varnish, or...
-Varnish And Paint Sweating
This arises from two causes; either the varnish contains too much oil for the amount of gum and solvent used, or it is due to the varnish being applied to a surface not perfectly dry. To remedy this, ...
-Varnish And Paint Blooming
If moisture condenses on wet varnish, the surface is covered with a velvety covering called bloom. Sunlight and dry air should remedy this. Gas fumes and rapid changes of temperature at the time th...
-Varnish And Paint Cracking, Peeling, Or Alligatoring
These troubles may arise from moisture in the wood escaping after the paint has become hard, but is generally caused by the paint becoming so hard as to lose all elasticity. Change in temperature and ...
-Chapter IX. Painting And Decorating. Wood Work
In General The surface to be treated, in all cases, should be sandpapered or rubbed with medium steel wool to give an even facing on which paint or varnish will spread easily, and must be free from...
-Painting On Plaster
If the plaster is new, any caustic alkilinity should be corrected. This can be done by applying a coat of linoleic acid or boiled linseed oil. Linseed oil contains naturally linoleic acid in sufficien...
-Fresco Or Water Paints
The best pigments for this work is for white; air slacked lime free from caustic action, so- called mild lime, or paris white. Yellow; raw sienna and the yellow ochres. Red; the red oxides of iron inc...
-Hanging Wall Paper
The walls must be first properly prepared. The treatment varies, of course, depending upon the condition of the walls. If the walls are new, they should be perfectly dry, and if the lime is still caus...
-Hints For Interior Decoration
With antique oak or walnut wood work, the walls may be olive green with gold effects in the frieze. The ceiling may be in russet; the upholstery, red, and the draperies maroon or bronze predominating....
-Chapter X. Formulae
Paraffine Paint For use on surfaces exposed to dampness, damp walls, etc. Dissolve 1 part of paraffine wax in 2 or 3 parts of heavy coal tar oil, with moderate heat. Use the mixture warm. Painti...
-Bronzing Liquids
Bronzing Liquids in common use are of two kinds: collodion varnish, vulgarly known as Banana liquid and various thin oil varnishes containing gum or rosin and an excess of benzine as a reducer. T...
-Cements, Pastes And Putties
Cement For Steam Pipes And Iron Surfaces Mix thoroughly in powdered form, Litharge,................. .2 parts. Slacked lime,................1 part. Sand, or Silex,..............1 part. ...
-How To Prepare Pure Caseine For Cements And Other Purposes
Milk, carefully skimmed, free from cream, is curdled with the addition of a little vinegar, or by simply standing in a warm place. Pour the curdled milk through filter paper, which will allow the c...
-How To Etch Glass
Paint the entire surface except the design or part to be etched with good asphaltum varnish and allow it to dry. Place a rim of putty made of wax and starch about the design and pour hydrofluoric acid...
-Frosting On Glass
Rub the glass with a piece of marble dipped in fine glass cutters' sand or fine emery and water. A chemical frosting is made by mixing together a strong hot solution of sulphate of magnesia and a c...
-How To Gild On Glass
Clean the surface carefully with whiting and then alcohol. Make a size by boiling 2 ozs. of best isinglass or gelatine glue in a little hot water. Add this to i quart of alcohol and enough water to ma...
-Gilding On Iron Or Metal Work
The articles to be japanned are cleaned of oil or grease with turpentine and a coat of japan varnish applied. When baking japan is used, the articles coated are dried in an oven at a temperature of fr...
-Backing Glass Signs Without Shades
After removing the superfluous gold, apply 2 coats of black paint made from the best drop black in oil. Cover the entire back of the glass and the letters with this. Backing Glass Signs With Shades...
-Decorative Enamels
Zinc-white is used as a base in the production of enamels, because of its whiteness, the bright tones it produces with colors and on account of the action this pigment has when combined with resin var...
-The Treatment Of Floors
Floors, both soft and hard wood, admit of several methods of satisfactory treatment, depending upon their condition and the amount of wear they are subjected to. The object being to give them a durabl...
-Staining Floors
Floors may be previously stained any desired color, with a good turpentine, or oil stain before applying the filler or shellac, varnish or wax, or a stain can be mixed with the filler as desired and t...
-Paste Wood Fillers
The base of these fillers is some finely ground substance which, when mixed with oil and dryer and thinned with turpentine or benzine and applied to wood, will fill the pores or interstices so thoroug...
-Llquid Wood Fillers
For soft and close grained woods and on work where labor and material must be minimized, where cost is an object, and little sand papering or rubbing is to be done, liquid wood filler takes the place ...
-Graining
Graining, or the art of imitating colored woods, while at one time very popular, is not so much in vogue at the present day, but yet is of sufficient moment to note carefully. It is much more diffi...
-Graining Colors
Light Oak Ground work is white lead tinted with raw sienna to the desired shade. The graining color is composed of raw and burnt umber, and vandyke brown. Dark Oak Ground work is white lea...
-Lubricating Oils
Formerly, lubricants were compounds of the animal oils, such as sperm, lard and neatsfoot oil, and various vegetable oils, as colza, cotton seed, olive, palm, castor and others of the non-drying sort....
-Patent Wagon Grease
Stir 90 parts of powdered slacked lime into 100 parts of rosin oil. Heat the mixture and stir until a uniform paste-like syrup is obtained. Then heat 550 parts of rosin oil one hour, with 2 parts of c...
-How To Wash Lineoleum
Lineoleum should never be washed with soap and water, as this causes it to become brittle and crack. When to be cleaned, do it with ordinary prepared floor wax, which also protects the surface and bea...
-Ready Mixed Paints
In the preparation of ready mixed paints, it is customary, as mentioned before, to prepare a suitable base of white and to add proper amounts of prepared stainers to produce the required tints. For...
-Coloring Matter
Black 50 pounds of lamp black (in oil), 3 gallons of raw linseed oil, 1-2 gallon of turpentine, 1-4 gallon of liquid dryer. Red 50 pounds of bright red oxide, (in oil), 7 gallons of raw li...
-Liquid Slateing For Blackboards
Shellac, 8 ozs.; lamp black, 1 1-2 ozs.; ultramarine blue, 2 1-2 ozs.; powdered rotton stone, 4 ozs.; powdered pumice stone, 6 ozs.; alcohol, 4 pints. Dissolve the shellac in the alcohol, and the othe...
-Fireproof Paints
Repeated coatings of liquid silicate of soda will render the substances coated, fireproof. Let the final coat be a thin wash of lime which unites with the silicate of soda, forming silicate of lime, a...
-Transparent Paints For Glass
For blue, prussian blue; red, crimson lake; yellow, Indian yellow; brown, burnt sienna; black, lamp black; with mixtures of the above for other colors. Rub them in a size composed of Venice turpent...
-Patent Dryer
This is a paste dryer, composed of sugar of lead and litharge, as a rule, mixed in varying proportions with white lead or Paris white; sometimes sulphate of zinc is also added, the whole being ground ...
-Metallic Paints
Metallic Paints for general use can be made from simple mixture of raw linseed oil, dryer, and suitable pigments in the dry state or ground in oil. In general, the proportion of dryer to each gallo...
-Machine Paint
Machine Paint for covering castings and various machines is frequently required. It should resist grease and stand a certain degree of heat without showing defects. Such as the following steel color. ...
-Polishing Agents
Furniture Polish Linseed oil, 6 fluid ounces; alcohol, 3 fluid ounces; shellac, one ounce; butter of antimony, 1 1-2 fluid ounce; hydrochloric acid, 1-2 ounce; turpentine, 5 fluid ounces. Dissol...
-Paint And Varnish Removers
It is often necessary or desirable to remove old paint or varnish before applying new. In extreme cases it may be burned off with the assistance of a painter's torch, which renders the paint or var...
-Removers And Preservatives
How To Remove Spots From Varnished Surfaces In general, rub the spots carefully with a rag moistened slightly with a mixture containing equal parts of raw linseed oil, turpentine and alcohol. When ...
-Paint Brushes
Every paint shop should be supplied with a brush keeper, which is a receptacle into which brushes may be so suspended that their bristles are immersed while their points are not allowed to come in con...
-Water Stains For Wood
Oak Make a solution of annatto, picric acid or quercitron and wash the wood with the solution. Antique Oak Dissolve 1 part of permanganate of potash in 30 parts of water, wash the wood succes...
-Water And Spirit Stains For Wood
Blue Indigo in water. Blue Black Extract of Logwood dissolved in alcohol to which sufficient Indigo is added. Brown Mix equal parts of solution of Logwood extract and solution of saffro...
-Yellow Brown And Red Brown Stains
A solution of 1 oz. of commercial alizarine in 20 ozs. of water, to which solution ammonia is very slowly added until the ammonia odor is perceptible, will give to oak, a yellow brown color, and to ma...
-Varnish And Oil Stains
These are made by the addition of tinting colors to definite quantities of varnish or oil, with the addition of liquid dryers. In selecting colors for these stains, it. is important that those of the ...
-Shingle Stains
These stains must be made from permanent unfading colors mixed with some medium which readily penetrates the wood, and which is indifferent to the effect of weather. A good cheap base is 3 gallons ...
-Shellac Varnish
Shellac Varnish so easily made and so subject to adulteration, should claim the painter's special attention. The many cheap shellac varnishes on the market are adulterated with rosin or cheap gum resi...
-Special Varnishes
Colorless Varnish Or Lacquer Dissolve 4 ozs. gum sandarac and 1 oz. Venice turpentine in 1 pint of alcohol. A good spirit varnish and lacquer for general use. Bronze And Metal Lacquer Dissolv...
-Paint Oils And Boiled Oil Substitutes
The necessity often arises for a cheap oil for use in paint where rough work is to be protected, and the price of pure linseed oil would preclude its use. In such a case, substitutes are allowable. If...
-Turpentine Substitutes
They consist, generally, of benzine, kerosene, rosin spirit, or coal tar naptha, mixed with various proportions of turpentine, to which is added also some substance to disguise the odor of the substan...
-Water Glass Paints (Silicate Of Soda)
For Coating Rough Walls Mix one part of commercial water glass with three parts of water. Apply this with a brush. The lime in the mortar forms with water glass, silicate of lime and a coat-ing of ...
-Permanent Whitewash
Slack 1-2 bushel of lime with boiling water in a covered vessel. Strain through a fine sieve, add 7 lbs. of salt, previously dissolved in warm water, 2 lbs. of ground rice, boiled to a paste and stirr...
-Kalsomining
In Kalsomining or applying water or fresco colors it is often required to point up or fill cracks and crevices in the surface to be covered. For this purpose, make a mixture of plaster of Paris and wh...







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