YOUMANS

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Y. M. C. A.

entered by white men in 1855, attracts visitors every year from all parts of the world. Perhaps nowhere else on earth is there so remarkable a combination of beauty and sublimity.

Youmans {yoo'manz), Edward L., a distinguished American scientist, was born at Coeymans, N. Y., June 3, 1821; and, although suffering for some years from almost total blindness, he pursued his studies in physics and chemistry with marked zeal and proficiency, his sister conducting experiments foi him. Among the works for which he is distinguished are Class-Book of Chemistry, Correlation and Conservatism of Forces, Alcohol and the Constitution of Man, Handbook of Household Science, The Culture Demanded by Modern Life etc. In 1872 he established The Popular Science Monthly, a magazine that has attained wide circulation in Europe as well as in America. He died at New York, Jan. 18, 1887.

Young, Brigham, the noted head of the Mormon church, was born at Whittingham, Vt., June 1, 1801. In 1832, having become a convert to Mormonism, he was made an elder of the church, and began to preach at the Mormon settlement at Kirkland, O. Three years later he was sent as a missionary to New England, where he made quite a number of converts. After the death of Joseph Smith at Nauvoo, 111., in 1844, Young was chosen president in his place. In 1847 ne led his followers to Utah (q. v.) and founded Salt Lake City. Here, under his able leadership, the community prospered, other settlements were established, and the foundations of the present state were laid. He died on August 29, 1877, leaving a fortune estimated at $2,000,000. See Mormons.

Young, Charles Augustus, a distinguished American astronomer, was boin at Hanover N. Hi, Dec. 15, 1834. He was educated at Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1853. After teaching classics for three years at Phillips Andover Academy, he went to Western Reserve College in Ohio, where he taught astronomy, natural philosophy and mathematics. For three months during the Civil War he served in the 85th Ohio Volunteers. At the close of the war he was appointed to the chair of physics and astronomy at Dartmouth, a position which his father had held some years earlier. During the following 12 years Professor Young made a brilliant series of discoveries in solar physics, among which may be mentioned the "reversing layer" of the solar atmosphere, observed at the Spanish eclipse of 1870, the rotation period of the sun measured on Doppler's principle, the bright line spectrum of the chromosphere (1872) and the motion and forms of solar prominences. In 1877 he was called to the chair of astronomy at

Princeton University. He was the highest living authority on the sun, and in 1906 was awarded a Carnegie old-age pension for his brilliant services to science. It is needless to say that he received many honors, as election to the National Academy of Sciences, degrees and honorary memberships. His published works include The Sun, General Astronomy, Lessons in Astronomy etc. He died January 4, 1908.

Young, Edward, English poet, was born on July 3, 1683, at Upham, Hampshire, where his father was rector. He was educated at Winchester School and afterwards at Oxford. He published several poems and tragedies, but the work by which alone he is remembered is Night Thoughts, which has passed through a great many editions, and is more or less familiar to the general reader. A number of his sententious lines have passed into common use and in a man' ner become proverbial. He died on April 12, 1765.

Young.Thomas, an eminent man of science, was born at Milverton, Somerset, England, on June 13, 1773. He was born of a well-to-do Quaker family, inherited ample means, and was widely educated, not only by university study but by travel, leisure and good society. He was a student successively at London, Edinburgh, Göttingen and Cambridge. Having completed his medical studies at Cambridge in 1800, he at once settled in London as a practicing physician. But in 1801 he was appointed professor of natural philosophy in the Royal Institution. It was during his two years' occupancy of this chair that he published Outlines and Experiments Respecting Sound and Light, his most important memoir. In it he shows that two rays of light may be added together to produce darkness — the phenomenon of interference. Sir John Herschel asserted that, even if Young had made no other discovery, this alone would have made him immortal as a scientist. It was during this period also that he wrote his Lectures on Natural Philosophy, a work which exerted a powerful and healthful influence on physical science during a full half-century. His contributions cover a wide field, including such subjects as physiology, music, hydrodynamics, paleography, theory of structures and tables of mortality. His theory of color-vision, as modified by Helmholtz, is, perhaps, to-day as widely accepted as any of the various views which have been expressed upon this subject. He died at London on May 10, 1829. Dr. Peacock has published an interesting Life of Young, and has edited his Miscellaneous Works. But all of Young's more important contributions are reprinted in his Lectures on Natural Philosophy.

Young Men's Chris'tian Association This is an organization having a branch in