Ginseppe Ferrari, an Italian philosopher and historian, born in Milan about 1811. In 1831 he graduated as a doctor of law in the university of Pa via, but devoted himself to literature and philosophy, and became a disciple of Romagnosi. In 1835 appeared his com-plete edition of the works of Vico, reprinted in 1853, in Milan, in the collection of Italian classics. In 1837 he went to France, and published in 1839 Vico et VItalic. In 1840 he became professor of philosophy at the college of Rochefort, and afterward at Strasburg, but soon lost his office on account of his radicalism. In 1847 he published Essai snr le prin-cipe et les limites de la philosophic de Vhis-toire, his most important work. After the revolution of Feb. 24, 1848, he was reinstated in his chair at Strasburg, but the dislike of the French clergy followed him there, and to Bourges, whither he removed at the end of that year, and they eventually succeeded in procuring his dismissal (June 13, 1849). In 1859 he returned to Italy and became a mem-ber of parliament, and successively professor in Turin. Milan, and Florence. He is the foremost Italian representative of positivism, and attempts a philosophical reconstruction of the political development of nations, founded ex-clusively upon experience and induction.

His more recent works include Filosqfia della rho-luzione (1851); Histoire des revolutions d Ita-lie (4 vols., Paris, 1850-8); and Corso di lezioni sugli scrittori politici itallani (1862-3).