Studs

Those short timbers, or joists, framed into the sides and ends of wooden buildings to complete the framing of the wall. Those at the sides of windows are generally made somewhat larger than the rest, and are called window-studs .- those cut in, under, or over the braces are called jack-studs. Of late years, the term is used to denote also those timbers, or joists, called partition-studs, to which the lathes are nailed in partitions. In England, partition-studs are usually called quarters.

Stuff

This word is used by carpenters and joiners to denote indiscriminately lumber of any kind. Lumber, sawed to any particular size or dimension, is called dimension-stuff. It is to the carpenter and joiner what the general term stuck is to other mechanics.

Summer

Any large beam designed to cover a wide opening. A small summer is called a lintel.

Superstructure

That part of an edifice erected above the basement.

T

Tail-Trimmer

A piece of timber, into which the ends of joists are framed, where chimney-fiues, or any thing of like nature, prevent the insertion of the ends of the joists as may be done where the wall is solid.

Tapering

A term denoting that the sides of a body gradually approach each other in the direction of their length; so that, if continued, they would meet at a point.

Templet

A short piece of timber laid under the end of a beam or girder in the walls of a brick or stone building.

Tenon

The end of any piece of wood so reduced as to fill and fit into a mortise. The tenon projects from the rest of the wood; and the place where it commences is so cut as to form a surface at right angles with it called the shoulder.

Tension

The stretching or degree of extension to which a thing may be strained in the direction of its length.

Thrust

The force exerted by one body against another; as that of a segmental arch against its abutments, or the rafters of a common roof against the plates.

Tie

A timber, chain, or rope so fixed as to retain two bodies in a particular position when a tendency exists to diverge or spread apart.

Tie-Beam

The beam at the foot of a pair of large rafters, serving to tie the walls of the building together by counteracting the thrust exerted hy the rafters named.

Timber

This term is used so indefinitely, that it is a matter of , some nicety to lay down any defi-: nition which will not clash with so- . called "well-established usage." The true meaning of the word seems to be wood fit for buildings. And, as used at present, it denotes, 1st, The trunks and larger limbs of trees either standing or cut down; 2d, All large sticks, after they are sawed or hewn out, and squared for use.

Toe Of A Rafter

The extreme point of a rafter, after it is so cut at the end that it may fit on the plate. The inner point is called the keel of the rafter.

Toeing

An expression denoting a nail, or other article, driven diagonally through one piece of wood to confine it to another. Nails are driven toeing into wood, when, from the peculiar form of the piece and the disposition of the parts to be confined together, it is difficult to use the nail at right angles.

Torsion

The strain on any material which tends to cause the same to twist or wind.

Transverse

A cross direction. The transverse strain on a piece of timber is when the force is so applied as to break it down when it lies in a horizontal position.

Trammel

An instrument for describing an ellipse, or oval.

Trim

To fit or prepare any piece of wood so as to make it suit another. To make a tenon smaller, that it may fit into a mortise, is to trim it up.

Trimmer

A small beam into which is framed the ends of floor-joists at an opening in a floor. The joists into which the ends of trimmers are framed are called trimming-joists. Trimmers are used at the sides of well-rooms, of stairs, against chimneys, etc. The last are usually called tail-tnm-mers.

Truncated

A term denoting that the top or apex of any thing is cut off. The part that remains is called the frustum. A hip-roof, the rafters of which do not continue up to a point, but end against a framed platform, is said to be truncated.

Truss

A peculiar combination and arrangement of timbers in framing, whereby they are made to mutually support each other.

Trussed Partition

A partition having a truss within it. Partitions are trussed when, from the arrangement of the rooms under it, a support cannot be given from below without interfering with the clear space of the room.

Trussed Beam

One containing the principles of a truss.

Try

To plane out a piece of wood true and square. The act of squaring wood by the plane, preparatory to putting the work together, is called trying it out.

Tusk

A bevelled shoulder made on the end of a piece of framing-timber above the tenon. The tusk is framed into the beam or girder, and is designed to give additional strength to the tenon.