The fingers are principally moved by two flexors and one extensor. The former muscles arise from the upper part of the fore arm near the bend, and running down towards the wrist, send off four round tendons each; which passing over the palm of the hand, are inserted, the one set of tendons into the upper part of the second bone, and the other into the last bone of each, of the four fingers: the latter set of tendons pass through slits in the former, which help to bind them down, when the fingers are bent. The extensor muscle arises above the elbow, passes down the fore arm, and also splits into four round tendons, which can be plainly felt on the back of the hand, and are inserted into all the bones of the four fingers for extending them.

The other movements of the fingers, and those of the thumb, are performed by muscles, chiefly situated upon the hand; and which, together with those we have described, complete the motions of these parts. Except the indicutor which extends the four fingers, the names express iheir uses. The interossei interni et externi extend the fingers, and move them in different directions. The lumbricales bend the first, and extend the two last, joints of the fingers.

Muscles of the Inferior Extremities. The great muscles which move the thigh all arise from the pelvis, or the lower part of the trunk; covering, and also giving plumpness and shape to the external surface of these parts, they descend over the hip joint, to be inserted into the thigh bone below its articulating head: by the action of these powerful muscles the thigh is carried through all its motions. These are the glutei; pyrtformis; gemini; obturator internus, et quadratus femoris; pectinalis; adductor longus brevis et magnus femoris; obturator externus.

The leg is moved by eleven muscles, which arise partly from the pelvis, and partly from the upper end of the thigh bone: they descend along this bone, giving fulness and shape to the thigh, and passing over the knee joint, are inserted into the bones of the leg; the extensors into the upper edge of the knee pan, for extending the leg, and the flexors into the posterior sides of the long bones of the leg, a little below their heads: the tendons of these muscles form the inner and outer ham strings. Biceps flexor cruris; semitendinosus; semimembranosus; tensor vaginae femoris; rectus; sartorius; gracilis; vastus externus et internus, cru-raeus et poplitaeus. They bend the leg.

The foot is moved by three extensors, and by four flexors. The extensors arise, the two first by double heads from the lower end of the thigh bone, near the bend of the knee: these heads soon after unite into the great fleshy bellies, which, swelling out, form the calf of the leg; but decreasing where the leg begins to grow small, they each give off a broad thin tendon, which also uniting, form the tendon of achilles, to be inserted into the extremity of the heel. Those powerful muscles extend the foot by bringing it backwards, and are principally engaged in running, walking, leaping, etc. The third extensor of the foot arises also from the lower end of the thigh bone, and descending by a long, slender tendon, is inserted into the heel, to assist the former: but this muscle is sometimes not to be found in the human subject. Gastrocnemius inter-nus et externus; plantaris.

The four flexors arise, the two first from the upper part of the tibia, or principal bone of the leg, and continuing fleshy about half way down that limb, send off two round tendons, which pass under the inner ankle, and are inserted into the bones of the foot. The other two flexors of the foot arise from the superior part of the fibula or smaller bone of the leg, and sending off two round tendons, which pass under the outer ankle also, are inserted into the bones of the foot. These assist the former in bending the foot by drawing it upwards. Tibialis posticus et anticus; peronaeus longus et brevis.

The toes have two extensors and three flexors. The first extensor arises from the upper part of the leg, and descending to the ankle, splits into four round tendons, which run forward upon the upper part of the foot, where they can be plainly felt, and are inserted into the four small toes to extend them: the other extensor arises from the heel, and running forward upon the foot, also splits into four tendons, to be inserted into the toes likewise, and to assist in extending them.

The flexors of the toes arise, the first from the under and back part of the heel, and running forward along the sole of the foot, sends off four tendons to be inserted into the second row of bones of the four smaller toes. The second flexor arises from the back part of the tibia below its head, and descending the leg, passes at the inner ankle to run along the sole of the foot, on the middle of which it splits into four slender tendons, which perforate the former, in the manner of those which bend the fingers; and extending beyond them are inserted into the extremities of the last joint of the four small toes. The third flexor assists the two former in bending the toes, and also draws them inwards. Besides these there are other small muscles which are situated upon the foot, and which, with those coming from the leg to be inserted into the great toe, complete the movements of these parts. These muscles are sufficiently known by their names, and what has been said on those of the hand.

Thus we see that the muscles or flesh cover and spread over the whole frame of bones, connecting and securing its different divisions and parts; and not only producing all its movements, but also giving to it fulness, shape, and beauty.

See the Croonian Lectures in various volumes of the Philosophical Transactions; Mailer's Elementa Physi-ologiae; Brown on the Muscles; Winslow's Anatomy; Cowper's and Albinus's Tables of the Muscles; Innes and Douglas on the Muscles.

Musoulus anterior mallei, or musculus Ex-ternus auris duvernii; anterior malleolus; is placed in a fissure on the temporal bone, above the glenoid cavity, where the lower jaw plays, runs inward, and is inserted into the Ravian process of the malleus irregularly forward from the incus; and by taking off from the vibratory motion of the bones, it is supposed to fit the ear for receiving weaker sounds.

MusCulus exterior. See Abductor oculi.

MusCulus inferior. See Depressor oculi.

Musoulus tubae novus valsalvae. See Circumflexus Palati.