Caffre and Negro, the Hottentot and Papou respectively. The Europeans are, in this arrangement, styled Celts: he should rather have called them a Gothic race. The Hungarians, the Asiatic Russians, and the Laplanders, are included under the Mongols. We are not prepared to contend that these are different species. The three which we have pointed out seem to be so; and the Gentoo, the Hottentot, and the Papou, have some claims to this distinction, which will be better ascertained when their forms have been more accurately examined.

Of the constitutions of the first species, the Europeans, we need not speak. The Negro is like the brute, whom he approaches in form, rapid in his movements, quick, violent, and savage in his passions and resentments, with little active energy or sensibility. He bears heat with ease, is not susceptible of the action of the remote causes of fever, but with little activity of constitution when diseased, soon yields and dies in situations where the European would be in little danger. The American is patient, steady, and persevering; with great acutencss of perception, and a soundness of judgment; but possessing little sensibility, and not very susceptible of civilization. The Hottentot and the Hindoo of the lowest cast, which we call the gypsie, if he be a Hindoo, approach most nearly the brute in their manners. Imitation is a striking trait in all the lower races of mankind, as well as in the ape. The frequent repetition of the action of particular muscles occasions a habit which renders the subsequent repetitions more easy, and the action more certain. We cannot consider the monkey without being astonished at the rapidity and the uninterrupted succession of his motions."it seems as if an irresistible power eternally torments him: he is agitated; he advances and retires; he is eager to mount, and as hasty to descend. This restlessness is undoubtedly a great obstacle to his improvement. What can we teach him, who is always in motion, since there is no study without reflection, and to reflect he must stand still?" This elegant and judicious reflection of M. dazyr is applicable to other races besides monkeys.

If we were to be more minute, we might remark that the happy proportion of solids and fluids which composes the sanguine complexion of the Celt, or Goth, of Europe, and which becomes bilious among the Vandals and Sclavonians, appears still stronger in the extensive ramifications of the Mongol tribe, as we find from the obscrvationsof Pallas and the learned Russian travellers. It takes, however, a nervous shade in the southern races. The Malays have constitutions still more irritable and nervous, which renders all the inhabitants of the torrid zone pusillanimous and melancholy. The temperament of the Charib, like the American, is concentrated in muscular energy, with little sensibility; -and the phlegmatic constitution of the Negro is still more striking in the Hottentot.

The different races of man differ in minuter parts of their form. The Hindoos, the Hottentots, the Peruvians, the Chinese, Esquimaux, the inhabitants of New Holland, and some others, have very small hands in proportion to the rest of the body. The Hindoos have very long legs and thighs: they are very short in the Mongol races; large in the inhabitants of New Zealand; deformed and bent in the Negro. The last deformity has been observed from the remotest ages, and was noticed by Aristotle (Problems, No. 5 - 14). The ears are large and projecting in all savage nations; placed higher in the Hindoo than the European head, and sometimes moveable. The inhabitants of the east of Asia have the eves placed diagonally. The general proportions of the head to the height are variable. The whole length of the Kalmuck is not equal to six times the head; while the elegant Grecians made their most beautiful statues, as the Pythian Apollo, and the Venus Pudica, equal to seven or eight. The Esquimaux and Samoides are only about five times the length of the head. All the barbarian races of the north have very-large heads, thick and short necks, large and raised shoulders, a square shape, and a harsh outline. The dwarf has short stinted limbs, an enormous head, and a thick body; while the giant is thin and weak, with legs peculiarly slender. But to this point there are exceptions, to be afterwards noticed.

The colour of the different races has excited greatly the attention of naturalists. It has been attributed to heat; and numerous are the authors who have laboured to prove, that in a higher temperature we should have been all black, or, as already hinted, that we were once black, and become white only by effeminacy, or a degradation of our nature. This subject has furnished the credulous Volney (for even deists can be credulous when in opposition to religion) with a subject of declamation, that we now oppress the Negroes, to whom, as the reputed ancestors of the Egyptians, we owe all arts and sciences. Neither position is true. The ancient Egyptians were not Negroes, and our sciences and arts were derived from Asia. If we examine the human race, as scattered over different parts of the globe, with the discriminating accuracy of Zimmerman, we shall find that the Negro is not confined to the hottest regions; and we have shown that he is distinguished from the white more pointedly by structure, in which temperature has no concern, than by colour, which we know not that temperature can influence. Were farther evidence wanted, we might adduce that of Mungo Park, who found the brown Mahometan intermixed, in similar climates, with the black Negro. The copper coloured American is equally distant from both the Celt or Goth, and the Negro; nor can we see, either from historical record or observation, how we can escape from considering him as a distinct species.

There are indeed varieties of the human race connected partly with climate and in part with local circumstances. The Albinos are white Negroes; and we have seen a female Albino, with an European, produce mulattos. These are sometimes styled Chacre las, sometimes Don-dosy and, by Blumenbach, Luce-AEthiopes. They are of a pale, dead white; the edges of the eye lids are red; their hair woolly and white; their voice feeble; their hearing dull; their skin soft; and their muscular power weak. They occasionally appear in Europe as varieties; but they are said to be numerous in the isthmus of Darien; sometimes found in the Brasils, in Sumatra, and among the Mongol Tartars, or rather in Hungary. Yet, from comparing the descriptions of Klein and Pallas, we doubt whether the latter are of the Negro race; and we think it rather probable that, like the Cretins of the Alps, they are varieties of the race of their respective countries, weakened from climate or accidents, as we produce variegated leaves, by weakening the plant, either by confining its roots or other means. We are told by Lorry that the Albinos are not sensible of electrical shocks. The swollen throats of the Cretins constitute only an inconsiderable variety. The long handed Quimos of Madagascar we should suppose to be a species of apes, did not the testimony of Rochon lead us as least to hesitate on the subject. Other varieties from customs, as the long flat heads, elephant's legs, the junceae puellae of Linnaeus, when strait lacing was' fashionable, with similar deformities, need not detain us. In various circumstances we find other aberrations from the usual form. In size, men greatly differ; and the diminutive Laplander differs from the mountaineer of Chili (Patagonia) in a far greater degree than the difference of climate will explain. In temperate regions, the size of the human race sometimes greatly varies, and nature sports in a circle whose limits are not very-contracted. Dwarfs, we have already observed, have been often stinted in their growth from disease or confinement; but Borulawski, who was only twenty-eight inches high, possessed a perfect form, and mental powers in sufficient perfection. He has been styled a man of sound judgment. He may have been so; but of this we have no evidence: in the lighter graces and accomplishments, and in the more elegant parts of literature, he was well accomplished. Jeffery Hudson scarcely exceeded eighteen inches in height at the age of thirty, and is said to have been lively, witty, and well proportioned. Bebe, who was thirty-three inches, was scarcely a rational creature. The Wottacks, a Lapland race, are said, by the Abbe de la Chappe, not to exceed four feet, and in intellectual powers they are very deficient. On the whole, we have little evidence of the evolution of intellectual powers in bodies whose bulk is limited, or whose growth is stinted by accident or disease. The materialist may employ it as an argument in his own favour, but it is a weak one; for if the body is the instrument of the soul, the agent by which the immaterial principle acts, it will be evident that the display of the faculties of the latter must be limited by the state of perfection which the former has attained.