The more distant the animal is from man, the more deep are the indentations of the viscera to yield to the more rapid movements. The heart is situated almost transversely in the human diaphragm, but inclines in the apes, approaches the sternum in the palmated animals; in the hoofed and the cloven-footed animals it is suspended almost vertically on this bone; and from the man to the horse its position varies nearly a quarter of a circle. The size and bulk of the nipples are proportioned to the extent of the horns of the uterus, since each is connected with the number of the young ones.

By means of these characters we can ascertain the discriminating forms of man, and determine what are common to him and the quadruped. He only is a biped. He only has two thumbs on his hands, without any on his feet, while quadrupeds have one only on each extremity, as the apes; on the two inferior extremities, as the sariga and the marmot; or are wholly deprived of them, as the greater number of quadrupeds. In man the body rests on the feet, and the talus makes a right angle with the leg. The apes, the makis, the dogs, and even the elephant, walk neither on the ankle nor the talus, but on the toes. As we recede from man. the more the part on which the animal rests diminishes, and the talus becomes proportionally more acute. Many animals rest on the sciatic tuberosities, and on the bot torn of their feet: they then raise the body, and employ the superior extremities like hands; but though se veral apes have an additional little bone in the carpus, they do not possess the dexterity of man, as the thumb is small, and not capable, as in the human body, of counteracting the power of the other fingers.

From the muscular structure of the extremities,it is obvious that the.ape can only move many of the fingers at once; that it cannot bend the thumb without at the same time bending the other fingers. Of course it does not possess those motions in which the action of the thumb is combined only with that of the fore and middle finger, so useful in the arts. In fact, the hand of the ape-is made only to hold. The inferior extremities, from their peculiar structure, are calculated for the same purpose.

In man, the flexor muscles of the leg terminate slightly rounded projections towards the most elevated part of the tibia. In the ape these muscles extend far on the internal surface of the same part, where they form a cord, which prevents their perfect extension on the thigh. The flexor muscle in these animals, passing under the heel bone, is a decisive argument against the idea of their standing erect. In man the bone is naked, which shows that he was designed to rest on it, which is compatible only with an erect position.

In man the vertebrae form the column which supports the head, and fixes the different viscera in their situation. The cervical vertebrae, in all animals, are constantly seven. The dorsal vertebrae are the same in number as the ribs. The lumbar vertebrae, usually five, are more numerous in proportion as those of the sacrum diminish. Carnivorous animals have six, sometimes seven; the sloth four, and the elephant three. As we recede from the human race, the coccyx extends. In some animals the pieces even amount to thirty-two. The sternum in man is broad and extensive; in the greater number of animals narrow. Man alone has the bold projecting chest, which, increasing the resistance to the air, diminishes the rapidity of his motions. The number of its bones is proportional to that of the ribs. The latter varies. In the elephant they amount to forty; in the sloth to forty-six. The smallest number is twenty-two. The trichectus has but four true ribs.

The thigh bones and the pelvis of the human race are larger and flatter than those of other animals, which add to the solidity of the upright position, by giving a firmer hold to the muscles attached to it. The direction of the female vagina is nearly transverse from the sacrum to the pubes, while it is in the axis of the pelvis in quadrupeds. This allows the latter to produce their young with little pain or trouble; but if it had been the same in the human race, who walk erect, abortion would be frequent. Thus the female pays a heavy-penalty for the distinction of the upright position.

Man differs from other animals in many respects, which do not influence very essentially the form. The teeth, though the same in number and form with those of some animals, are more closely set; nor, in the human jaw, are there any intermaxillary bones. We diffe5 D 2 also by the palpitating fontanelle at birth; by our long and feeble infancy; by the menstruation of the female, which renders conception equally easy in different seasons; by the delicacy of our skin; by wanting the sus-pensor muscle of the eye, the panniculus carnosus, the arterial net-work, the pancreas of Asellius, the corpus highmorianum, the hepato-cystic ducts, etc.

Man is defined a naked animal with two hands and two feet, who walks upright, is capable of reason, and susceptible of civilization. By his organization and structure he belongs to that class which has a double nervous and vertebral system, and ranks with animals whose blood is warm, whose heart is double, and who suckle their young at their breasts. Our peculiar advantages place us at the head of the animal kingdom. The complication of our organs multiplies in the same proportion as our functions, and equally extends our faculties.

It has been doubted whether man, in his different forms and different situations, is of one species only. Scripture informs us that one man was created; but has not limited the creation to a single individual. Religion is not, therefore, affected by the discussion or the decision. We have seen the distinctions in form which separate man from the brute, and we have found that the Negro is a connecting link between both. The Negro has the narrow retreating fore head and hind head, the flat bone of the nose, the retreating chin, the occipital hole far beyond the centre of the cranium, the long and strong under jaw, large bony orbits, and a wide meatus auditorius, the long fore arm, small calves of the leg, long tendo achillis, with a manner of walking between the motion of the ape and the man. He, therefore, forms the link which unites man to brutes, while man may possibly connect animals with angels. Naturalists have distinguished different species of brutes from this circumstance, that they do not copulate, or that the offspring is not fertile. Yet more attentive observation has found that those hybrid productions will sometimes be productive; but they are soon lost. By this test also the African Negro would scarcely appear of the same species with ourselves; for were he so, it is calculated that the West-india islands would long since have been inhabited by mulattos, or people of colour. On the contrary, their children, if any, as Mr. Long remarks, are very few, and in the second generation they are childless. There seems to be little doubt, then, that there are two species of the human race, at least; and when we examine the inhabitants of different regions, we find distinctions equally striking; the copper-coloured American, for instance, appears in no less a degree to differ from the two others. It is in vain to argue that the Negro is black from the heat of the sun, for the Ethiopian, the Hindoo, and the Arab, are equally exposed to high temperatures; or that the European is bleached in a colder climate, for this would not change his structure. M. Virey has proposed a division of the human race into those whose facial angle is from 85 to 90°, and those in whom the angle is from 75 to 85°. The first species comprehends the Arabs, the Gentoos, the Celts, and Circassians, who are white; the Chinese, the Mongol-kalmuck, and the Ostiack Laplander, who are sunburnt; and the American and Charib, who arc red. The second species comprehends the deep brown, the black, and the blackish; containing the Malay, the