When ulceration has begun and is spreading; when the tumour is fixed to the ribs; the glands leading to the axilla swelled; art can no longer promise relief. To ease the pain and lessen the foetor of the discharge, arc all its pretensions, and these objects are often attained by opium, hemlock, the carrot poultice, oxygenated muriatic acid, goose grass, and fixed air. Opium and hemlock may be given for the relief of pais.

internally, and applied externally in poultices or washes: the others are applied externally only. The fixed air has been thrown against the sore from an elastic bottle, or a bladder armed with a proper pipe; or the part has been bathed by the acidulous water. Mr. Justamond, for a similar purpose, advises the powder of the calamus aroniaticus, or of the flowers of zinc; to cither of which as much crude sal ammoniac as the state of the ulcer will allow may be added. Even in this state, however, the ulcer sometimes suddenly heals; but, it is, as we have said, to carry its destructive influence to other parts; and this unexpected change has given credit to the numerous nostrums so industriously recommended.

Mr. Bell, in his Treatise on Ulcers, edit. 3. p. etc. observes, that cancers are most frequently in the lips in men, and the breasts in women. The sooner, we have remarked, the operation is performed, the greater is the chance of the extirpation proving effectual. This, however, is contradicted positively by Mr. Pearson. "If,"says he, '-the removal of the morbid part were equally complete in two patients, one of whom had been afflicted seven months, and the other seven years, with a cancer, I should esteem the latter in less danger of a relapse than the former. For example, when the breast is affected by a cancer, distant parts of that gland may become the seat of the morbid alteration about the same period. These several diseased portions may not advance with equal celerity; but, while one part acquires a considerable bulk, the other altered parts may be scarcely objects of attention. Under such circumstances, the more obviously morbid parts may be removed; but, the disease being only in progression, no man can be certain, without removing the whole breast, that he has not left some diseased fibres. If, however, the disease shall continue without increasing during several years, one may in general conclude that its boundaries are more accurately defined."conscious that such accidents may occur, Mr. Bell therefore advises, when the complaint is on the breast, although part of it only may be affected, the whole should be always taken off. But, although it be proper to extirpate every part that is really diseased, none of the sound external teguments should be ever unnecessarily destroyed, nor should more of them be taken away than is requisite. A little before the sore heals up, an issue should be established, so as to discharge freely before the cicatrix is formed. If scirrhous or cancerous disorders appear in several different parts, the removal of any or all of them would not probably be effectual. If cancers adhere to another adjacent part, they rarely can be extirpated with safety; a cancerous tumour may be attached to a circumjacent muscle or tendon, and may admit of an operation: however, much prudence is requisite in attempting a desperate case. See also Bell's Surgery, vol. ii. 434, where he directs how to amputate cancerous breasts. See Amputatio.

When tumours of the axillary glands occur, their extirpation also is generally recommended. We have, however, suspected that this is unnecessary, for we have found them remain indolent for years after the operation has succeeded. Yet it is a prudent precaution.

Cancer on the face is generally seated on the lips, nose, or eye lids. When these ulcerate, they are always attended with a hardness, which extends in proportion as that which formed the first tumour is destroyed by erosion, and is always preceded by a change in the colour of the skin, which, before it indurates, turns red; and, in extirpating, all that is thus florid must be cut away, as well as the part that is manifestly cancerous. See Le Dran's Observations. When a When a cancer on the lip becomes ulcerous, it appears at first like a crack, and then gradually widens. In extirpating cancerous lips, the operation is best performed as for the cure of the hare lip. Mr. Sheldon observes, that cancer in the cheek, which no operation can cure pro-ceeds from a polypus:

Cancer in the intestines. In this case the patient is continually afflicted with a highly acrid and obstinate discharge from the bowels resembling dysentery; which corrodes all the parts it touches, and is attended frequent convulsions and fixed pains.

Cancer in the testicle. The most powerful means may be tried; great advantage hath followed the internal and external use of hemlock, but castration is generally the sad but safest resource.

Cancer in the womb. This disease, we have said, happens generally about the time of the menses disappearing, but may occur at any other period of life. It is known by tensive lancinating pains in the pelvis and womb; indurations in the part, sensible to the touch, a preceding immoderate discharge of the whites, sometimes of the catamenia, or both. AEtius remarks, that "there is a violent pain in the groins, upper part of the belly and loins, whilst the parts originally affected can hardly bear to be touched: but, if the cancer is ulcera-ted, besides the pain and hardness about the neck of the womb, there are ulcers with tumid, sordid, and whitish lips, and from them a fetid sanies flows." The discharge from these ulcers is very various, being sometimes bloody, sanious, or accompanied with sloughs. If the indurations are not ulcerated, the discharge is sanious and acrid. In time the labia swell, and arc oedematous; and if, as sometimes happens, the inguinal glands are obstructed, the oedema extends along the thigh.

In this unhappy case, besides the general methcods, a close adherence to the extract. or semina cicutae must be insisted on; beginning with a small dose, and in-creasing it gradually. This sometimes moderates the pains better than opium. Mr. Justamond, in this case, depends much on the bath and injections of hemlock See Cancer.