Not all of the results that arise from highly developed division of labor are advantageous, either to the individual or to society. The monotonous repetition of simple operations tends to stunt the intellect, and to destroy the power of initiative. Moreover, it discourages ambition, since it narrows the horizon of the worker and appears to offer him little or no opportunity to improve his industrial position. In short, complex division of labor tends to rob the individual of intellect, initiative, and ambition, all of which are essential to the best interests of society. In the professions, however, similar specialization appears to be less deadening, if it is deadening at all.