It is proper to here describe the sorts of tools required for shaping the objects just mentioned, or for shaping any other objects of similar shapes. The student will perceive that the same tools are available for operating upon any other articles, in addition to the glands and bushes just treated, if the forms of the articles resemble those specially referred to, or resemble portions of them.

The drill which is required for executing the entire boring of a small hole is shown by Fig. 1026. This has a square stalk which is held in the tool-holder in the same manner as any other slide-rest tool. The cutting part of the drill is always less in diameter, than the finished diameter of the desired hole; consequently, after the drill has made a hole which is of the same diameter as its cutting part, the operator shifts the drill a short distance towards himself, by working the slide-rest screw. He next again advances the drill through the hole, and thus increases its diameter. The drill travels in the same manner, and acts in the same way as a borer, being advanced with the lathe-carriage which is caused to traved by the usual long traverse of the lathe.

The tool shown by Fig. 1027 is a hand-tool, and is employed for smoothing the curved surfaces of the dishes, and is applied after a pointed slide-rest tool has roughly removed the metal to nearly the finished dimensions.

When a hand-tool is used in conjunction with a slide-rest, it is supported on a stalk or branch, similar to Fig. 1028, 1029, or 1030. One of these is fixed in the tool-holder by gripping the straight part and the branch is advanced to that portion of the object which is to be treated with the hand-tool. The hand-turning is then executed by holding the tool on the branch in about the same way it would be held on the tee-piece of a hand-rest. It may, therefore, be seen that the use of a branch in a slide-rest, avoids the necessity of placing a hand-rest and tee-piece into the requisite situations; and also that a small amount of hand turning can be easily performed without fixing any apparatus except the branch. These stalks or branches are also termed dummies

Fig. 1032 represents a boring-tool for shaping a hole having a flat bottom, such as that of a gland with the inside of its stem screwed. The point of the tool is the most prominent portion when fixed in the tool holder; therefore the shape of the end allows it to both bore the hole and flatten the bottom. After the bottom of such a piece is finished, the tool shown by Fig. 1033 may be required. This is a grooving tool having a bent end for grooving the bottom of a gland hole previous to being screwed. A space of this sort was mentioned as being necessary to facilitate the screwing, and can be formed with the tool shown, because its cutting part is the most prominent part, and will therefore cut at the extreme inner end or corner of the hole, without coming into contact with the bottom surface, which is already smoothly finished.

A screw-tool which is suitable for screwing the outside of a gland-stem, is denoted by Fig. 1034. This has only one point, and is fixed in the position of a boring tool in the slide-rest, when required for use; but with the cutting end outside and in front of the object, instead of in the hole, the stalk of the tool being gripped in the front side of the tool-holder in the place occupied by the dummy in Fig. 1031.

To allow the end of a screw-tool to easily disengage from the metal at that end of the screw adjoining the flange of a gland, or a similar shoulder of some other object, a groove having a curved bottom is formed close to the shoulder, into which the screw-tool enters, previous to being removed out from the object being screwed. Such grooves are represented in Fig. 1036, and are made with a tool resembling Fig. 1035 previous to beginning the screwing.

A screw-tool for screwing the inside of a gland-stem or other hole, is denoted by Fig. 1037. This also has but one tooth, and the end is bent the opposite way to that of an end belonging to an outside screw-tool. These tools are very efficient for commencing and finishing the screws of gun-metal objects, and especially the screws of glands, because they are furnished with fine or shallow threads. In conjunction with such screw-tools, steel hobs are sometimes employed. When a hob is to be used, the screwing with the wheels is continued until the screw is very near the size, when the finishing hob is screwed in with a spanner while the object yet remains in the chuck. Any desired number of glands or other objects can be thus screwed so that all their screws shall be alike, and no measurement will be required at the conclusion of screwing. A gauge-hob of this class is denoted by Fig. 1038, and should be used also for finishing the inside screws of packing boxes.

A rapid mode of screwing small holes of gun-metal objects consists in commencing the screws with hand-tools, a quick speed being adopted instead of a slow one, a slow speed being necessary when the usual screwing-wheels are used. As soon as the screw is ready for the hob, it is screwed in, and the hole is about as correctly finished as if it were screwed with wheels.

If a number of small stems require screwing on their outsides. they all can be commenced with hand-screwing, and accurately completed to one diameter by means of die-nuts, the uses of of these being analogous to the uses of hobs for finishing holes.