1 But " where one purposely shuts his eyes to means of information within his own possession and control and ratifies an act deliberately, having all the knowledge in respect to it which he cares to have," he will be bound. Kelley v. Newburyport Horse R. R. Co., 141 Mass. 496, 499; and see Phosphate Co. v. Green, L. R. 7 C. P. 43, 57; Hyatt v. Clark, 118 N. Y. 563.

2 In Dempsey v. Chambers, 154 Mass. 330, the action was founded on the negligence of M. who while delivering on behalf of the defendant, though not employed by him, coal ordered of the latter, broke a plate glass window. The defendant ratified the delivery, but the ratification was not directed specifically to the tort. It was held, however, that the tort was so connected with the act of delivery that it could not be separated, and the defendant was held liable. The case contains some remarks on the history of the law of ratification and a considerable citation of early authorities.

*An agent who has the power to appoint a sub-agent, may ratify his act, and thereby make it binding on the agent's principal. (q)1