It will be observed that the Constitution makes no mention as to what persons shall be subject to impeachment. According to English precedent all citizens are subject to impeachment, and it was first asserted by some that the same is true in this country.2

1 Art. I, Sec. II, CI. 5. "The House of Representatives . . . shall have the sole power of impeachment."

Art. I, Sec. III. CI. 6. "The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they 9hall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present."

Art. I, Sec. III, CI. 7. "Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law."

Art. II, Sec. II, CI. 1. "The President . . . shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment."

Art. II, Sec. IV. "The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors."

2 E. g., by Mr. Baynard upon the occasion of the impeachment of Senator Blount. 5 Annals of Congress. 2251. This doctrine was approved by Jefferson, but repudiated by Madison who wrote: "The universality of this power is the most extravagant novelty that has been broached." See article entitled "The Law of Impeachment in the United States," by David Y. Thomas in the American Political Science Review. May. 1908. The author is much indebted to this valuable article. Much information regarding impeachments federal and state, is given by Mr. Roger Foster in the first volume of his Commentaries.

The limitation of impeachment to the President and Vice-Pres dent and to civil officers of the United States would, however, seem to be implied in the provision that these persons shall be removed from office on impeachment, and that judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office and disqualification to hold office under the United States, and it is now generally agreed that only civil officers may be impeached.