Various other provisions are contained in the codes which tend to simplify the structure of the pleadings, and to avoid the prolixity of statement required in pleadings at common law.

Of these the most important are the following:

"In pleading a judgment or other determination of a court or officer of special jurisdiction, it is not necessary to state the facts conferring jurisdiction; but the judgment or determination may be stated to have been duly given or made. If that allegation is controverted, the party pleading must, on the trial, establish the facts conferring jurisdiction."31

"In pleading the performance of a condition precedent in a contract, it is not necessary to state the facts constituting performance; but the party may state generally, that he, or the person whom he represents, duly performed all the conditions on his part.

"If that allegation is controverted, he must, on the trial, establish performance." 32

At common law all of the facts necessary to the existence of a court of special jurisdiction were required to be stated in the declaration, and in the case of conditions precedent in a contract the declaration was required to state all of such conditions separately and to show in each instance that such condition had been performed.

30 N. Y. Code Civ. Pro., Sec. 723; Cal. Code Civ. Pro., Secs. 473. 475.

81 N. Y. Code Civ. Pro., Sec. 532;

Cal. Code Civ. Pro., Sec. 456. 32 N. Y. Code Civ. Pro., Sec. 533;

Cal. Code Civ. Pro., Sec. 457.

In actions for libel and slander no extrinsic facts need be stated to show the application of defamatory-words to the plaintiff, but it is sufficient to state generally that they were published or spoken concerning the plaintiff.33