ZINC-WHITE

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ZODIAC

in white and black. A photograph is taken of the drawing or engraving which is to be copied, and the negative is placed over a zinc or copper plate, which has been covered with a varnish, and is then exposed to the light. The varnished portions which are exposed to the light become insoluble, while the parts protected by the lines of the photograph remain soluble. The plate is then treated with an acid solution by which the soluble portions of the varnish are removed and the lines of the drawing or engraving are etched or eaten into the metal. Consult Hamerton's Etcher's Handbook Herkomer's Etching and Kohler's Etching.

Zinc-White or Chinese White, a hy-drated oxide of zinc, used as a pigment in lieu of white lead. As a body-color it is largely used in water-color painting.

Zi'on, Mount, the name of the hill on which stood the southwestern part of Jerusalem, called the City of David or "Upper City. At the present day the city-wall runs obliquely over the hill, so that only the northern half is included in the city. On the west and still more on the south it descends steeply into the Vale of Hin-nom, 300 feet. Mount Zion is 2,500 feet above the sea. With the prophets and poets of the Old Testament it stands for the whole of Jerusalem (often called Daughter of Zion), particularly in reference to the temple.

Zi'onism and the Zi'onist Movement. Of recent years there has been much discussion over the project, embodying the Jewish nationalistic ideal, to acquire and settle in Palestine, on an autonomous basis, a home for the Jewish race. The more notable men interested in this Zionist project include, among others, Dr. Max Nordau, Israel Zangwill, the English novelist, Dr. Marmorek, head of the Pasteur Institute in France, and Prof. Richard Gottheil in this country. With this object in view congresses have met and leagues have of late been formed whose object, as it has been said, is to secure "the provision of a territory upon an autonomous basis for those Jews who are unable or unwilling to remain in their present lands, and [the movement] pledges itself to promote the acquisition of a legally assured place for Jewish settlement." When the scheme is ripe, a Jewish loan is promised to be raised for their extradition and otherwise to help them. In aid of the contemplated project a congress has of late been held at Basle, but it came to no immediate practical result, on account of a split in the assembled body, one section adhering to the idea of settlement only in the Holy Land, while another considered the offer of the British Government of a large territorial area in East Africa. Favoring the movement is also that of

Zangwill, entitled The Jewish Territorial Organization and intended, if at all practicable, to settle in Palestine. Another and similar scheme has, moreover, been set on foot, entitled The London Zionist League, whose object is, if practicable, legally to secure and publicly to recognize a home in Palestine for national regeneration, preliminary to other definite and practical efforts.

Zis'ka, John, the famous leader of the Hussites, was born at Trocsznow, Bohemia, about 1360. While a mere boy he became a page to King Wenceslaus of Bohemia, but soon after embraced the career of arms and distinguished himself in the war against the Teutonic Knights. Returning to Bohemia after the murder of John Huss, Ziska soon became prominent among those who sought to resist the decisions of the Council of Constance. After the outbreak at Prague in 1419 Ziska was unanimously chosen leader of the Hussites, and the first great religious conflict in Germany began in earnest. When Emperor Sigis-mund — who had allowed his safe-conduct to Huss to be violated — advanced an army of 40,000 men into Bohemia to obtain possession of the throne, his project was frustrated for a time by the Hussites, who defeated his army with a hastily levied force. The war against Sigismund was continued with the utmost vigor by Ziska, even after he became blind, until Sigismund became convinced that the conquest of Bohemia was impossible. He therefore proposed an arrangement with the Hussites, by which full religious liberty was allowed to them and Ziska was to be their governor, King Wenceslaus having died soon after the war broke out. But the war-worn chief did not live to complete the treaty. While besieging the castle of Przibislaw he was seized with the plague and died on Oct. 11, 1424. He was buried in a church at Czaslav, and his iron war-club was hung over his tomb.

Zo'diac, an imaginary zone of the heavens, within which lie the paths of the sun, moon and principal planets. It is bounded by two circles equidistant from the ecliptic — about 18° apart; is divided into 12 signs; and is marked by 12 constellations. The signs are geometrical divisions 300 in extent, counted from the vernal equinox in the direction of the sun's progress through them. The whole series accordingly shifts westward through the effect of precession by about one degree in 72 years, requiring 25,868 years for a complete circuit. At the moment of crossing the equator toward the north the sun is said to be at the first point of Aries (Ram) ; some 30 days later it enters Taurus (Bull) ; and so on through Gemini (Twins). Cancer (Crab), Leo (Lion), Virgo (Virgin), Libra (Balance), Scorpio