UNITED STATES                                     1970                                       UNITED STATES

196; nonmetallic ones $1,106,105,191; and metallic ones $903,024,005. Much of the vast mineral wealth, especially in the south, remains undeveloped.

Forests. A greater variety of trees is found in the United States than in Europe, though nearly all European trees are found here, and originally forests covered a third of the country. But many sections in the Appalachians and around the Great Lakes have been stripped almost bare. Ash, beech, birch, chestnut, maple, oak, pine and walnut abound in the east ; hemlock, spruce and white pine in the north; Douglas fir, redwood, sequoia and yellow cedar on the Pacific slope; and cypress and yellow pine in the south. (See articles under titles above.) The prairies originally were treeless as a whole, except along streams, but forests have been planted to a considerable extent. Nearly 1,100,000 square miles of the United States are woodland, nearly a third being on the Rockies and along the Pacific. Probably the heaviest stand of timber on earth is found in California, Oregon and Washington. See America {Animals and Vegetables) ; Europe (Natural History) ; Forest-Reserves; Lumbering; and National Parks.

Fish and Game. The varieties of fish in United States waters number 816, of mol-lusks 1,000; while the mammals number 310 varieties, the birds 756. The most important fish, commercially, are the blue-'fish, cod, halibut, herring, mackerel, menhaden, sardines and shad of the Atlantic; the redfish and tarpon of the Gulf; the salmon of the Pacific; and the bass, perch, pickerel, pike, muskellunge, salmon, trout and whitefish of the inland waters. The chief gamebirds and waterfowl used as food are ducks, grouse, pigeons, quail, turkey and wild geese. The most important game-animals are antelope, bear, deer,, mountain-sheep (nearly extinct) and moose. The chief edible mollusks are clams, lobsters, oysters and scallops. The terrapin is another marine delicacy. (See articles under titles above and Fish-Culture, Fishes and Furs.)

Industries

The chief classes of industries in the order of importance are manufacturing, agriculture (including stock-raising), mining, forestry (or lumbering) and fishing. In each of these industries the United States lead the world. The value of the products of manufactures in 1905 was $14,802,147,087; of those of agriculture, in 1907, $7,412,000,000, that of farm-animals being $4,423,697,853; of those of mining $1,904,007,034 in 1906; of those of lumbering $580,022,690 in 1905; and of those of fishing $59,977,339, while the output of the fish-canneries was worth

$26,377,210. Thus the four main groups of industries annually average an output worth over $28,000,000,000.

Manufactures. During the last 40 or 45 years manufactures have expanded more rapidly than has any other class of industries. The east has become an almost exclusively manufacturing section, but the interior . and the south have made enormous strides as manufacturers. Abundant natural resources from farm, forest, mine and waters; cheapness and plentifulness of fuel; fine water-power, with steam and electricity; inventive genius in the people; intelligence, industry and thrift; exceptional facilities for transportation; millions of immigrants; unhindered commerce between the states; and unequaled advantages for labor as well as for capital from the laws of the land, the national and state constitutions and the democratic nature of American society— have all combined to make the United States the source of a third of the world's manufactures. The sole disadvantage has been the high price of labor. This has been offset by its efficiency and the low cost of food and clothing. The 1905 census of manufactures, the first to be confined to factories and to exclude local industries and hand-trades, grouped them as follows according to the value of the output : Food and kindred products; iron and steel and their products; textiles; lumber and its remanufactures; chemicals and allied products; miscellaneous industries; metals (other than iron and steel) and metallic products; paper and printing; leather and its finished products; vehicles for land-transportation; liquors and beverages; clay, glass and stone products ; tobacco ; and shipbuilding. Among these 14 groups food and kindred products led with a value of $2,845,234,900 and shipbuilding comes last with $82,769,239. Iron, steel and their products were worth $2,176,739,726: textiles $2,147,441,418; lumber and its products $1,233,730,336; chemicals and allied products $1,031,965,263. The establishments numbered 216,262, representing an investment of $12,686,265,673; having a force of employés (salaried and wage-earning) of 5,990,072 ;and paying them $3,185,301,763. The food-industries include canning and preserving, dairying, flour-making and grist-milling, rice-cleaning, sugar-refining and slaughtering and meatpacking. The textiles manufactured are carpets and rugs, cottons, hosiery and knit-goods, silks, woolens and worsteds. Iron and steel manufactures, which in 1905 had 343 blast-furnaces and 81 converters, produce bars, castings, blooms, forgings, ingots, plate, rails, slabs and structural shapes. Tin-plate to the value of $28,429,971 was produced. The chemical and allied industries included acids, cottonseed-product, dye-stuffs, extracts, explosives, fertilizers, gas, paints and petroleum-refining. Elec-