Joseph Gartner, a German botanist, born in Calw, Wurtemberg, March 22, 1732, died July 13, 1791. He studied at Tubingen and Gottingen, travelled in Italy, France, England, and Holland, became professor of anatomy at Tubingen in 1761, and of botany at St. Petersburg in 1768. He returned to Calw after two years, where he devoted himself for the remainder of his life to the study of botany, making several long journeys for that purpose. His labors are important in the history of this science, since he was the first to observe that plants are naturally divided into classes by their carpological features. His principal work is De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1789-'91).