Johann Friedrich, a German theologian, born at Poxdorf, Bavaria, in 1836. He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1859, became private teacher in 1862, in 1865 professor of theology at the university of Munich, and in 1869 member of the academy of sciences. He has published a number of works, including Kirchengcschichte Deutschlands (2 vols., Bamberg, 1867-'9). A follower of Bollinger, he protested in 1870 against the doctrine of papal infallibility, was expelled from Rome as the reputed author of correspondence in the AU-gemeine Zeitung adverse to the Vatican, received with Dollinger major excommunication (April 17, 1871), and was formally suspended two months afterward, for having administered the holy sacrament to Dr. Zenger, to whom it had been denied on account of his opposition to the.decree of the council of the Vatican. His publications on the subject of papal infallibility and the council comprise Das pdpst-lich gewahrleistcte Recht der deutschen Nation, nicht an die papstliche Unfehlbarkeit zu glauben (Munich, 1870); Documenta ad illus-trandum Concilium Vaticanum anni 1870 (2 vols., 1871); and Tagebvch gefuhrt wahrend des Vaticanisehen Goncils (Nordlingen, 1871).