Giovanni Antonio Gioberti, an Italian chemist, born at Mangardino, Piedmont, Oct. 28, 1761, died Sept. 14, 1834. He introduced the principles of Lavoisier into Italy; in 1790 became perpetual secretary of the society of agriculture at Turin, in which science he effected great improvements; was a member of the provisional government established by the French in 1798, and was imprisoned by the Austriansin 1799. In 1800 he was made professor in the university of Turin. The Giobertine tincture, discovered by him, is a preparation for restoring ancient writings which have become illegible, either from the fading of the ink, or from the partial washing away of the original writing to make room for another. It was found that by the application of diluted muriatic acid and of prussiate of potash to the parchment previously moistened in water, the oldest and most faded MS. was almost wholly restored. (See Palimpsest.)

Ginseng (Aralia quinquefolia).