In 1835 Fourier published another work, La fausse Industrie, morcelee, repugnante et mensongere, et l'antidote, l'industrie naturelle, comhinee, attray-ante, teridique, dormant quadruple produit (1 vol. 8vo); but it added nothing to his original discoveries. He was about to publish a second part when he died. On his tomb are engraved the three fundamental axioms of his doctrine: La serie distribue les harmonies; Les attractions sont proportionelles aux destinees; Analogic universelle. He was buried in the cemetery of Montmartre in Paris. His friends had meanwhile replaced the Phalanstere, which was short-lived, by La Phalange; and when the subject had created an audience for itself, a daily paper, La Democratic Pacifique,, was established, under the editorship of Victor Considerant. This maintained the propagation till it was discontinued during the reactionary movements which followed the revolution of 1848.-Fourier's doctrines obtained some vogue in France, where a school was regularly organized for their diffusion. At the head of it were Considerant, Cantagrel, Victor Hennequin, Laverdaut, Victor Meu-nier, and other ardent young men.

In England Hugh Doherty placed himself at the head of the movement, and established a weekly paper called 'The Phalanx," while in the United States Albert Brisbane, by his vehement expositions of the subject, gave to it an immense eclat and temporary success; but of late years it has died out of the public mind. Nevertheless, the scheme of Fourier deserves notice. He was a man of the noblest humane impulses, of rare acuteness and sagacity, and of original imagination. His negative criticisms of the disorders, the falsehoods, and the miseries of society, are a fearful exposure of the ulcers of our imperfect civilization; and even those who reject his more positive notions will find abundant material for thought in these exposures. The fundamental and leading principles of Fourier are summed up in the following short formulas:1. The series distributes the harmonies of the world. 2. Attractions are proportional to destinies. 3. Analogy is universal." In other words: 1, all the harmonies of the universe grow out of a regular and uniform order, which Fourier denominated the law of the series; 2, all beings are led to and kept in their true sphere, not by a principle of external force, but of internal attraction; 3, the universe, being everywhere the same, constructed upon the same infinite model, and according to the same eternal laws, must in every sphere repeat itself, or be analogous.

These general principles or deductions Fourier carried out into all branches of science, but his chief application of them was to social science. Society being composed of men, he began with an analysis of human nature, of human impulses and attractions. The permanent principles of nature were three: 1, the active principle, or spirit; 2, the passive principle, or matter; 3, the neutral principle, or the mathematical laws of justice and harmony. The nature of man was coordinate with this division, and contained: 1, his physical nature, adapted to the passive principle, or matter; 2, his moral nature, adapted to the active principle, or spirit; 3, his intellectual nature, adapted to the neutral principles of law and justice. The common object of all his physical desires is sensuous enjoyment; the common object of his moral, mutual affection; the common object of his intellectual, order and association; while over all presides a superior tendency to unity or universal harmony. The essential faculties of the soul, then, or impulses to action or life, Fourier analyzed into five sensuous" passions," four moral passions, and three intellectual passions.

Thus:

These simple and essential desires of the soul, according to Fourier, may all be directed into a contrary and subversive development by the unnatural action of circumstances. In the false conditions of society they become so many uncontrollable and warring appetites.

What they want for their rectification and true development is a social sphere adapted to their harmonic action. Society must be con-stituted according to the same law of groups and series which harmonizes universal nature. The association of the three principal agents of production, that is, of capital, science, and labor, for the mutual advantage of each member of such association, in the several branches of agriculture, manufacture, commerce, domestic industry, art, science, and education, would prepare the way for this true society. The economies effected in expenditure and consumption would be prodigious; the distribution of labor and of its result would become gradually very exact and equitable; the pleasures of combined and varied exertion would take from toil its monotony and its repulsive aspects; while the skill, the wisdom, the grace of every member of the association would be always available to the benefit of every other member. The unity of the association would be expressed in the common domain and combined dwelling house (the "phalanstery"); the variety, in the separate apartments, the different labors, the individual tastes.

A township of about 1,800 persons, male and female, Fourier regarded as the germ of larger combinations, which would interweave and unite themselves together, step by step, until a network of connected associations, bound by the same principles, and governed by a syndic or council of representatives, would be spread over a state, a nation, Europe, the globe. But this grand and world-embracing harmony would be the result of no instantaneous or speedy change, but of a regular development of the combined order, according to the law of the series. Society, he said, passed through a process of regular growth, from its most infantile condition to its highest maturity, when it would again begin to decline, and finally fall into decrepitude and decay. In this it resembled the growth of the individual man, who had his ascending vibration, or advance from infancy to youth, from youth to manhood, from manhood to old age, and then by a descending vibration from old age to death. This universal career of humanity Fourier distributed in the following order: two phases of incoherence, containing each seven social periods; two phases of combination, containing each nine social periods; grand total of 32 social periods or societies.

The first seven of these periods, embracing the history and progress of the world up to the present time, he named: 1, Edenism; 2, savagery; 3, patriarchalism; 4, barbarism; 5, civilization; 6, guaranteeism; and 7, simple association. Five of them, as the records of all the earth prove, have been periods of constraint, poverty, oppression. fraud, carnage, and false science; the other two are the feeble dawns of a better day, ushered in by associations of joint interest and reciprocal guarantee. But as soon as society shall have reached them, a higher and composite order begins, when seven other periods, distinguished by successive creations of harmonic beings, will give happiness to all the world. Then comes the plenitude and apogee of harmony, the pivotal or amphiharmonic age of the race, which nature will recognize by the conversion of the aurora borealis into a boreal crown, encircling the earth as the rings of Saturn encircle that planet, the stationary position of the ecliptic, and the disinfection and perfuming of all the waters of the seas, by means of the boreal fluid. This supreme condition of nature and man will continue for about 8,000 years, when the beam of happiness will again descend, and society pass through a series of declines, similar to the series of its advances.

The earth itself will be smitten with a palsy of weakness, and after many convulsions sink into death. The human race, however, will not perish, but by a series of bicomposite transmigrations attain to immortality in other spheres. Fourier was rigidly true to his method in all departments of inquiry, and applied it with the most intrepid and unhesitating fidelity, whatever the conclusions to which it might lead. His cosmo-gonical and ultramundane speculations therefore assumed often the most grotesque forms; and yet his disciples found so much beauty in his social scheme, that they endured his aberrations for the sake of the comprehensive ideas which he suggested.-His collected works (3d ed., 6 vols., Paris, 1841-'5) do not include all his writings. Some transcendental speculations have since been published separately; others still remain in manuscript.