The knees were a little more bent, but the body was kept back as if to get out of reach of attack. Among the additions to the defence may be especially noted the half circle (old style), having the hand about level with the shoulder and the point depressed to the height of the waist, protecting the lower line to the left (carte), and being consequently the opposite of seconde, which bore the adversary's blade to the right. A new mode of attack was also introduced, termed coup'e, or the cutting over the point instead of disengaging under the blade. Here were also introduced the battement or sharp tap preceding an attack, the effect of which is to make the person thus attacked grasp his foil nervously and thus render his hand for the moment rigid and unsuited to parry with rapidity. The change of engagement has much the same effect. Some disarms were introduced, but they are practically useless except when the hit is given by the same blow, for an adversary who is seen to be disarmed cannot be touched.

Lafaugere introduced the couronnement, which was made by raising the hand instantly after the parry (carte or tierce), and with the forte of one's own blade mastering the faible of the adversary's, then (as the latter in this situation tries to close the line of the riposte) turning or sliding the blade round it without quitting it, and delivering the riposte in the opposite line to that of the parry. The half-circle parry of Bertrand is made with the nails upward, the hand at the height and to the right of the forehead, the arm more than half extended, the point very slightly depressed and projecting leftward about as far as the line of the left shoulder, rather but not completely in the direction of the adversary. The blade in this parry catches up the attacking foil and exposes the entire body of the attacker to a riposte, which comes with incredible velocity, the point after the half circle parry being very near to the breast of the opponent.-The instruction for the small sword is the basis of the attack and defence with every other weapon; nevertheless almost every attack and parry with the broadsword is the reverse of those with the small sword.

Instead of having the point further out than the hand on the side of the guard, the blade is kept across the body; instead of the touch being the guide, the eye principally directs the movements; instead of piercing with the point, the hit consists of a cut with the blade. The cut can be given as a blow, or with a light hand, which makes it razor fashion. There are also circle parries called moulinets, whereby the man who parries swings round his sword, describing a complete circle with the point, and having his own wrist as the pivot for the movement. The use of the broadsword on horseback is but a variation of its application by a combatant on foot; the horseman is obliged to protect his horse as well as himself. Heavy cavalry are armed with long heavy swords, and hit heavily. The Turks have curved scymitars and adopt the razor cut; they also use swords weighted at the extremity, whereby they combine together the blow and the razor cut. The Germans have a long sword which they (students especially) manoeuvre with an extended arm; it may be regarded as the Neapolitan school applied to the broadsword.

The bayonet at the end of the musket is, when employed by a line of soldiers, a very formidable weapon; but on account 6f the leverage it offers it is of little use to an isolated man, unless to defend himself against a mounted dragoon. The motion of the bayonets in line (the stock of the musket grasped by the right hand and the barrel steadied by the left) should be straight forward; any attempt to parry by leverage right or left would only cause a point to glance from one man into some other. The foot soldier isolated can parry head or body cuts and thrusts from sabre or lance, and can riposte by jerking forward or right or left the point, striking the horse if he miss the rider. Certain modern bayonets used for the rifle corps are very long, with a view to compensate in a measure for the shortness of the firearms at the end of which they are fixed. Such bayonets have besides their point an edge wherewith to cut. The lance is utterly worthless, except for cavalry, by whom it can be most efficiently employed in pursuing a routed foe; its use as a fencing weapon, therefore, requires little explanation. The knife or dagger requires quickness of hand and eye.

The blow can be given by striking down-ward, straight forward, or upward; in the two latter cases the weapon is shifted from the ordinary grasp of the handle, so that the pommel rests in the palm of the hand and the stab is given with ease and force. The Spanish colonists employ their hats held in their left hands as shields, and also to mask the attack, concealing the knife behind the hat. The stick is a formidable weapon used to inflict blows, as with the broadsword; the ferrule end can as a point be most effectually driven into the face of an adversary. The quarterstaff is out of use; it was held in the middle and used not only in striking but in thrusting, when one end was suddenly driven forward like a bayonet.-In 1536 Marozzo of Venice published the first work on the subject. Other works are: Thi-bault, Academie de l'epee (Paris, 1628); Meyer, Kunst des Fechtens (1670); La Boissiere V Art des armes (Paris, 1815); Otto, System der Fechtkunst (Olmutz 1852); Linsingen, Hand-buch des Bajonnetfechtens (Hanover, 1854); J. Hewitt, Ancient Armors and Weapons in Europe" (Oxford, 1855); G. B. McClellan, "Manual of Bayonet Exercise (Philadelphia, 1856); G. Patten,Infantry Drill and Sabre Exercise (New York, 1861).