For their study we have Maillard's Micmac grammar (New York, 1864), Rale's Abenaki dictionary (Cambridge, 1833), Eliot's Massachusetts grammar (Cambridge, 1G6G; Boston, 1822), Roger Williams's Narragansett (1643), Edwards's Mohegan grammar (1788), Le Boulanger's Illinois grammar and dictionary (MS.), Baraga's Chippewa grammar and dictionary (1851-'3), Belcourt's Chippewa grammar (1839), House's Cree grammar (1844), Cuoq's Algonquin grammar (1866), Zeisberger's Lenni Lenape or Delaware grammar (1827). As the Algonquin was the language of the tribes on the seacoast Where the English colonies were planted, it gave several words to the settlers, as wigwam, squaw, wampum, tomahawk, sachem, etc. In the Algonquin dialects there is no article, and no gender, words being used when necessary to designate the male and female of animals and birds. The only division is into what has been called noble and ignoble, or by some animate and inanimate. The Delaware made trees noble, grass ignoble. Possession is designated by a form like the English Peter his book - Pien o masinaigan. It has two numbers, though some from the double pronoun we make a dual also. Nouns receive by suffixes modifi-tions that some term cases; but nouns like verbs undergo a kind of conjugation by the prefixing of possessive pronouns.

Thus in Delaware: ooch, father; noock, my lather; kooch, thy father; noochenana, our fathers; koochuua, your father; koochewawa, your fathers. Algonquin: ni micomis, my grandfather; hi micomis, thy grandfather; omicomisan, his grandfather; ni (or hi) micomisinan, our grandfather; hi mi-comisiwa, your grandfather; omicomisiwan, their grandfather. Verbs take a multiplicity of forms, not only positive, negative, reflective, and reciprocal, but animate and inanimate. Thus in Algonquin: ni sakiha, I love him (animate); ni sahiton, I love it (inanimate); hi sakiha, thou lovest him; osakihan, he loves him; but hi sakih, thou lovest me; hi sakihi-min, thou lovest us; hi sakihim, you love me; hi sakihin, I love thee; hi sakihinimin, we love thee. In all these there are two forms of we: he and I, ni; thou and I (with or without others), hi. In Delaware: ndahoala, I love; kdahoala, thou; wdahoala, he; nda-hoalaneen, we; kdahoalohhumo, you; wdaho-alewak, they; ndahoatell, I love thee; kda-hoali, thou lovest me. The passive in Algonquin is ni sakihigo, I am loved; in Delaware, ndahoalgussi.

I am loved by him (Alg.), ni sahihik. - The Huron-Iroquois family comprised, in Upper Canada, the Hurons or Wy-andots, Tionontates, Attiwandaronk; the Iroquois, Hodenosaunee, or Five Nations in New York; the Minquas, Andastes, or Susquehan-nas in Pennsylvania; the Nottoways, Meher-rin, etc., in Virginia; the Tuscaroras in Carolina, and subsequently in New York. The dialects generally lack the labials. Of those that have been most studied is the Mohawk, into which the Book of Common Prayer and portions of the Bible have been translated, as well as Roman Catholic manuals of prayer, catechisms, etc. The radical words of this dialect, by Bruyas, were published at New York in 1863; a short grammar by Cuoq, Montreal, 1866. Of the Onondaga, there is a dictionary published in 1860; of the Seneca, a spelling book and some minor works. In Iroquois dialects the verbs have two distinctly marked paradigms, each containing live regular conjugations. In the paradigm k there are 15 persons, I, thou, he, she, and an indefinite pronoun like the French on; thou and I, he and I, you two, they two masculine, they two feminine, making five dual forms; and for the plural, you and we, they and we, you, they masculine, they feminine.

In all the verbal relations pronouns in their separate form are replaced by affixes which modify the initials of the persons. M. Cuoq adds to the three numbers another, the indeterminate. Every noun is or may become a verb. There are no articles, no prepositions, and few adjectives, adverbs, or conjunctions. Nouns have no cases, and no gender proper, the only distinction being that of two classes, one comprising God, the angels, and males of the human race, the rest all other creatures animate or inanimate. The verb assumes reflective, reciprocal, and passive forms by inserting syllables. Thus: kenonwes, I love; katatenonwes, I love myself; tetiata-tenonwes, we love one another. The pronoun object enters into the verb, as rinowes, I love him. Verbs of the paradigm w have four persons less than those in k; but strangely, the perfect in verbs of k, and all their derivatives, are conjugated under the paradigm w. Indicative present: kenonwes, I love; senon-wes, thou lovest; ranonwes, he loves; kanon-ices, she loves; ienomces, some one loves. Perfect: wakenonwehon, I have loved; sanon-wehon, thou; rononwehon, he; wnonwehon, she; iakononwehon, some one.

Present: wakeriwai-en, I am busy; sariwaien, thou; roriwaien, he; ioriwaien, she; iakoriwaien, some one. - West of Hudson bay, above the Churchill river, were the northern part of the Athabascan family, some tribes of which dwelt on the shores of the Pacific, and the main body extending south to the Dakotas, while the southern part of the family occupied the frontier between the United States and Mexico. The tribes are strangely different in character, the northern being timid, the southern fierce and bold. The chief tribes at the north were the Chipewyans, Tahculli or Carriers, Dog Rib Indians, Sussees, Tlatskanai, Umpquas, Kwalhioqua, Kenai, etc. Of the southern, the most conspicuous tribes are the Apaches, Navajoes, and Lipans. Of this family we have little to show the grammar or affinities. - South of the Athabascan family, and between the Mississippi and the Rocky mountains, were the Dakota family, extending as far south as the Arkansas river, and having one tribe on Lake Michigan, the Ochungaras, called by the Aluronquins Winnebagoes. The Dakota family includes the Assiniboins, the Dakotas or Sioux, Iowas, Omahas, Puncahs, Missouris, Osages, Kansas, Ottoes, Arkansas, Mandans, Minnetares, and Crows. In Dakota there are separate and incorporated pronouns.