With the regiment the formation of most armies in time of peace is generally considered complete. The larger bodies, brigades, divisions, and army corps, are mostly formed when war breaks out. The Russians and Prussians alone have their army fully organized and the higher commands filled up, as if for actual war. - In war, several battalions or squadrons are formed into a brigade, consisting of from four to eight battalions for infantry, or from six to twenty squadrons for cavalry. With large cavalry regiments these latter may very well stand in lieu of brigade; but they are very generally reduced to smaller strength by the detachments they have to send to the divisions. Light and line infantry may with advantage be mixed in a brigade, but not light and heavy cavalry. The Austrians very generally add a battery to each brigade. A combination of brigades forms the division. In most armies it is composed of all the three arms, say two brigades of infantry, four to six squadrons, and one to three batteries. The French and Russians have no cavalry to their divisions; the English form them of infantry exclusively.

Unless, therefore, these nations wish to fight at a disadvantage, they are obliged to attach cavalry and artillery respectively to the divisions whenever the case occurs, which is easily overlooked or often inconvenient or impossible. The proportion of divisionary cavalry, however, is everywhere but small, and therefore the remainder of this arm is formed into cavalry divisions of two brigades each, for the purpose of reserve cavalry. Two or three divisions, sometimes four, are for larger armies formed into an army corps. Such a corps has everywhere its own cavalry and artillery, even where the divisions have none; and where these latter are mixed bodies, there is still a reserve of cavalry and artillery placed at the disposal of the commander of the corps. It has been found best in the United States to separate the cavalry from the infantry entirely, and form it into separate corps under separate commanders. Napoleon was the first to attach cavalry to his other corps, and, not satisfied therewith, he organized the whole of the remaining cavalry into reserve cavalry corps of two or five divisions of cavalry with horse artillery attached.

The Russians have retained this formation of their reserve cavalry, and the other armies are likely to take it up again in a war of importance, though the effect obtained has never yet been in proportion to the immense mass of horsemen thus concentrated on one point, except in America, as heretofore stated. - Such is the modern organization of the fighting part of an army. But, in spite of the abolition of tents, magazines, field bakeries, and bread wagons, there is still a large train of non-combatants and of vehicles necessary to insure the efficiency of the army in a campaign. To enable the commanders of armies, army corps, and divisions to conduct, each in his sphere, the troops intrusted to them, a separate corps is formed in every army except the British, composed of officers exclusively, and called the staff. The functions of these officers are to reconnoitre and sketch the ground on which the army moves or may move; to assist in making out plans for operations, and to arrange them in detail, so that no time is lost, no confusion arises, no useless fatigue is incurred by the troops. They are therefore in highly important positions, and ought to have a thoroughly finished military education, with a full knowledge of the capabilities of each arm on the march and in battle.

They are taken in all countries from the most able subjects, and carefully trained in the highest military schools. The English alone imagine that any subaltern or field officer selected from the army at large is fit for such a position, and the consequence is that their staffs are inferior, and the army is incapable of any but the slowest and simplest manoeuvres; while the commander, if at all conscientious, has to do all the staff work himself. A division can seldom have more than one staff officer attached; an army corps has a staff of its own under the direction of a superior or a staff officer; and an army has a full staff, with several generals, under a chief, who in urgent cases gives his orders in the name of the commander. The chief of the staff in the British army has an adjutant general and a quartermaster general under his orders; in other armies the adjutant general is at the same time chief of the staff; in France the chief of the staff unites both capacities in himself, and has a different department for each under his orders. The adjutant general is the chief of the personnel of the army, receives the reports of all subordinate departments and bodies of the army, and arranges all matters relative to discipline, instruction, formation, equipment, armament, etc.

All subordinates correspond through him with the com-marder-in-chief. If chief of the staff at the same time, he cooperates with the commander in the formation and working out of plans of operation and movements for the army. The proper arrangement of these in European ar-mies is left to the quartermaster general; the details of marches, cantonments, and encamp-ments are prepared by him. A sufficient num-ber of staff officers are attached to headquarters for reconnoitring the ground, preparing projects as to the defence or attack of positions, etc. There are also a commander-in-chief of the artillery and a superior engineer officer for their respective departments, a few deputies to represent the chief of the staff on particular points of the battlefield, and a number of or-derly officers and orderlies to carry orders and despatches. To the headquarters are further attached the chief of the commissariat with his clerks, the paymaster of the army, the chief of the medical department, and the judge advocate or director of the department of military justice.

The staffs of the army corps and divisions are regulated on the same model, but with greater simplicity and a reduced personnel; the staffs of brigades and regiments are still less numerous, and the staff of a battalion may consist merely of the commander, his adjutant, an officer as paymaster, a sergeant as clerk, and a drummer or bugleman. - To regulate and keep up the military force of a great nation, numerous establishments besides those hitherto named are required. There are recruiting and remounting commissioners, the latter often connected with the administration of national establishments for the breeding of horses, military schools for officers and non-commissioned officers, model battalions, squadrons, and batteries, normal riding schools, and schools for veterinary surgeons. There are in most countries national founderies and manufactories for small arms and gunpowder; there are the various barracks, arsenals, stores, the fortresses with their equipments, and the staff of officers commanding them; finally, there are the commissariat and general staff of the army, which, for the whole of the armed force, are even more numerous and have more extensive du-ties to perform than the staff and commissariat of a single active army. The staff especially has very important duties.