In 1819, having ascended from Tivoli garden in Paris with some fireworks, her balloon became accidentally ignited and she was precipitated to the earth and dashed to pieces in the rue de Provence. In later times Eugene and Louis Godard have been the most famous of the French professional aeronauts. Green, the English aeronaut, had probably more experience in the management of balloons than any person who has given attention to the subject. During his professional career of 36 years, ending in 1857, he made nearly 1,400 ascents, crossing the sea three times and falling into it twice. His most interesting voyage was undertaken in 1836, when in company with Messrs. Holland and Mason he journeyed, in a balloon of great dimensions and provisioned for a fortnight, from London to Weilburg, in the duchy of Nassau, a distance of 500 m., in 18 hours. This feat of aerial travelling was however surpassed by Mr. John Wise, the American aeronaut, who with Mr. John La Mountain and two others passed in July, 1859, from St. Louis, Mo., to Henderson in Jefferson co., N. Y., a distance of 1,150 m., in 19 h. 50 m., or at an average speed of nearly a mile per minute.

In September of the same year Messrs. La Mountain and Lowe made a voyage of 300 m. in about 4 hours.-The first ascent for the purposes of science was made from Hamburg on July 18, 1803, by Messrs. Robertson and Lhoest, under the direction of the Russian academy of sciences. A second voyage followed in the succeeding month, and a third from St. Petersburg on June 30, 1804. But although the explorers reached on one occasion an altitude of 23,526 feet, no important results were obtained. In 1804 Laplace proposed to the French academy the solution, by means of observations from a balloon, of certain physical problems, and notably that of magnetic intensity at great heights. Gay-Lussac and Biot undertook to make the observations, and on Aug. 23 ascended from Paris to the height of 13,000 feet. Their experiments in magnetism, electricity, and galvanism gave results identical with those made on the earth. The rotatory motion of the balloon having presented an unexpected obstacle to careful obervations, Gay-Lussac supplied his balloon with long hanging ropes destined to counteract this movement, and on Sept. 15 reascended alone to a height of 23,000 feet, and found a decline of temperature from 82° to 15°, which almost confirmed the theory of a fall of 1° in every 300 feet of elevation.

The sky was very blue and the air was found to be very dry. A magnet took a longer time to vibrate than on the earth. He was the first to bring down air collected at this enormous height, which on being analyzed was found to be in its component parts the same as the lower air. In the highest strata of air reached by the balloon he suffered severely from cold. Breathing was difficult, the pulse and respiration were much quickened, and the throat became parched. In 1806 Carlo Brioschi, the astronomer royal of Naples, in company with Andreani, the first Italian aeronaut, attempted to rise from Naples to a greater height than that attained by Gay-Lussac; but in consequence of the bursting of the balloon the explorers were precipitated to the earth, which they fortunately reached without material injury. No subsequent scientific aerial expeditions took place till 1850, when Messrs. Bixio and Barral ascended from the garden of the observatory in Paris in a balloon filled with pure hydrogen gas. They reached a height of 19,000 feet, when an accident to their balloon compelled them to descend without having had the opportunity to make observations of much value.

In a second ascent in July of the same year, they reached a height nearly equal to that gained by Gay-Lussac in his second expedition in 1804, but, owing to a tear in their balloon, were unable to rise above a bank of cloud estimated to be 15,000 feet in thickness, and reach the blue sky beyond. The most extraordinary phenomenon noted by them was the sudden variation of temperature during the last few thousand feet of their ascent. At the height of 19,000 feet the thermometer marked 15°, but in the next 2,000 feet it fell to 39° below zero, thus showing a temperature lower by 54° than that noted by Gay-Lussac at a similar elevation. In 1852 Mr. Welsh, of the Kew observatory, in company with Mr. Green, made four ascents from London in the great "Nassau" balloon, with results tending to confirm those already recorded by Gay-Lussac.-The most remarkable and successful ascents ever made for scientific purposes were those of Mr. James Glaisher, F. R. S., from various parts of England in 1862-'6, and of Messrs. Camille Flammarion, W. de Fonvieille, and Gaston Tis-sandier from Paris and other parts of France in 18G7-'9. On Sept. 5, 1862, Mr. Glaisher, accompanied by Mr. Coxwell, an experienced aeronaut who had already made 400 ascents, reached the astounding height of 37,000 feet, or 7 m. above the earth's surface.

At the height of 5 1/2 m. Mr. Glaisher gradually lost the use of his limbs, and finally became totally insensible. Mr. Coxwell had meanwhile climbed up to the ring of the balloon in order to free the valve rope, which had become entangled; while doing this his hands became frozen and powerless, and he was compelled to drop down into the car and pour brandy over them to restore the circulation. He then perceived the critical condition of Mr. Glaisher, and endeavored to approach him; but finding himself also in danger of lapsing into insensibility, and being at the same time without the power to move his hands, he seized the valve rope with his teeth, dipped his head downward several times, and found to his relief that the escape of gas caused the balloon to descend rapidly into a warmer temperature. Mr. Glaisher soon after revived, and they re-turned without further adventure to the earth. The results of Mr. Glaisher's observations induced him to abandon the theory of a decline of 1° of temperature for every increase of 300 feet of elevation.