Emmanuel Grouchy, marquis do, a French general, born in Paris, Oct. 23, 1766, died in St. Etienne, May 29, 1847. He entered the military service at the age of 14, and on the breaking out of the revolution had been for five years a lieutenant in the royal body guards. He was then placed in command of a regiment of chasseurs, served in 1792 under Lafayette, was made a brigadier general, commanded the cavalry in the army of the Alps, and contributed to the conquest of Savoy. The decree of the convention cashiering all officers who belonged to noble families suspended his career for a while. Reentering the army as a private, he was reinstated in 1795 by a special decree and made a general of division. Being called to the army in Italy in 1798, he persuaded the king of Sardinia to abdicate and surrender Piedmont to France. In 1799, at the battle of Novi, he received 14 wounds and was taken prisoner. The battle of Marengo procured his liberation; he then joined Moreau on the Rhine, took part in the victory of Ho-henlinden, and was made inspector general of cavalry.

He served in 1806 and 1807 in Prussia; was governor of Madrid in 1808; assisted in 1809 in the battle of Wagram; and finally signalized himself at the battle of Borodino in 1812. On the retreat from Moscow he was placed in command of the guard selected to accompany the emperor. After the battle of Leipsic ho vigorously opposed the invasion of France by the allied troops, making a stand at Brienne, La Rothiere, Vauchamps, and Etoges. A wound received at Craonne, March 7, 1814, forced him to leave the army. Coldly treated by the Bourbons on the first restoration, he joined Napoleon at once on his return from Elba, and being placed in command of the army at Lyons, arrested the duke of Angouleme, and was made a marshal of France. He played a conspicuous part in the concluding: scenes of the hundred days; at the head of a corps of the army, he marched into Belgium against the united English and Prussians, fought successfully, June 16, at Fleurus and Ligny, received orders from Napoleon to follow up Blucher and the Prussian army to prevent their joining the English, and, strictly adhering to the very letter of his orders, declined, notwithstanding the entreaties of his subordinate generals, to march toward Waterloo, June 18, and thus became the indirect cause of the defeat of the French army.

Being proscribed by a royal decree on the second restoration, he came to the United States, and lived for five years in Philadelphia. An amnesty recalled him to France in 1821; and after the revolution of July, 1830, his rank of marshal was restored, He defended his conduct in several pamphlets, the most important points of which are to be found in his Fragments historiques (Paris, 1840).