This section is from the book "Fish Hatching, And Fish Catching", by R. Barnwell Roosevelt, Seth Green. Also available from Amazon: Fish Hatching, And Fish Catching.
There are many stagnant pools about the country useless in their present state, which can be utilized by converting them into frog ponds, and the man who could raise a million of frogs and get them safely to market would be a wealthy man. The difficulties to be encountered are many and varied, but can be overcome by patience and perseverance. To those who feel disposed to take advantage of it, the following results of two year's experience will prove beneficial.
Take a dipper and go to the pond where the frog casts its spawn. A close examination will reveal a small glutinous mass which is to be dipped up very carefully lest the mass be broken and the spawn lost. Place them in a pail filled with water and take them to your hatching-box, which is made after the fashion of the shad hatching box, two feet long and eighteen inches wide, with No. 12 gas-tarred wire sieving on the bottom. Anchor the box in a gentle current. They will hatch in from seven to fifteen days, according to the temperature of the water. Soon after they are hatched they should be turned loose in a pond prepared with great care, as they have numerous enemies,. such as fish, snakes, birds, lizards, coons and many other animals. The pond should be made where the ground is springy, and should have plenty of soft muck at the bottom. In this the frog lies during the winter. The pond should have a light board fence around it so that animals could not get in, and should be built so close to the water that no bird could stand on the inside and pick up the polywogs. It is absolutely necessary to the preservation of the young fry that these precautions should be most strictly adhered to. You will have no trouble in feeding the young while they are polywogs, as nature has provided for that. In all waters they live on what is called sediment that collects on everything lying in the water, unless it is strong impregnated with some mineral.
Examine this sediment under a strong magnifying glass and you will see that it is all animal matter, or a formation between animal and vegetable, and is proper food for the young fry. They will eat it off from the sticks and stones on the bottom of the pond, and keep them perfectly clean. An old pond is better than a new one, as it has more food.
The polywogs will grow and after a while develop into frogs. We cannot give the precise time required for this change as we have had them change in one season or go years without doing so. Probably this depends upon the temperature of the water, and that the warmer it is the faster development occurs. The hind legs break through the skin first and are followed by the front, the perfect frog varying in size according to the size of the tadpole. When it is finally developed the frog requires different kind of food, such as insects, small fish or meat. Naturally it will only take living food, and difficulty may be experienced in teaching it to live on any other. It will eat minnows, young tadpoles, or flies of any kind, but the ooze on which it existed in its transitory state is no longer sufficient. Flies may be attracted to the pond by placing stale meat around it, and minnows can be supplied in certain quantities but the question of feeding the frog is the difficulty in frog culture.
There are several varieties of these batrachians, some of the southern sorts will weigh over a pound apiece. The largest edible sorts should be selected and the market for them will be found to be unlimited at a price hardly surpassed by that paid for fresh trout.
Great care should be taken in gathering spawn, not to get toad spawn. Frog spawn is laid in a bunch like a bunch or sponge of jelly. It is clear with black spots in it, but turns white when dead. It should be gathered carefully and the jelly which is essential to successful hatching, should be broken as little as possible. Toad spawn is laid in a string, the female, when laying her eggs, walks back and forth carrying on her back the male, who is impregnating the eggs with melt as they are emitted. When lying in the water, it looks like glass tubes with No. 4 shot destributed the fourth of an inch apart the entire length of the tubes. Frogs attain their growth in from three to five years. We have recommended putting the spawn in a hatching box, but the eggs will hatch as well in the pond without a box, if they are not liable to depredation by enemies. And if the meat that is put around the pond to attract flies, is cut up finely, the frogs will soon get a taste of it and learn to eat it. When they have passed beyond the pol-lywog into the frog state, they must have a chance to get out of the water among the grass, and if the pond is near the house, (as it should be,) there is less danger from animals. We have seen taken from a spring hole in winter, a solid mass of frogs as large as a bushel basket.
 
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