659. This tendency to subliminal symbolism, indeed, has met us at each point of our inquiry. As an instance of it in its simplest form, I may mention a case where a botanical student passing inattentively in front of the glass door of a restaurant thought that he had seen Verbascutn Thapsus printed thereon. The real word was Bouillon; and that happens to be the trivial name in French for the plant Verbascum Thapsus. The actual optical perception had thus been subliminally transformed; the words Verbascum Thapsus were the report sent up to the inattentive supraliminal self by a subliminal self more interested in botany than in dinner.

Nay, we know that our own optical perception is in its own way highly symbolic. The scene which the baby sees instinctively, - which the impressionist painter manages to see by a sort of deliberate self-simplification, - is very different from the highly elaborate interpretation and selection of blotches of colour by which the ordinary adult figures to himself the visible world.

Now we adults stand towards this subliminal symbolism in much the same attitude as the baby stands towards our educated optical symbolism. Just as the baby fails to grasp the third dimension, so may we still be failing to grasp a fourth; - or whatever be the law of that higher cognisance which begins to report fragmentarily to man that which his ordinary senses cannot discern.

Assuredly then we must not take the fact that any knowledge comes to us symbolically as a proof that it comes to us from a mind outside our own. The symbolism may be the inevitable language in which one stratum of our personality makes its report to another. The symbolism, in short, may be either the easiest, or the only possible psychical record of actual objective fact; whether that fact be in the first instance discerned by our deeper selves, or be conveyed to us from other minds in this form; - elaborated for our mind's digestion, as animal food has been elaborated for our body's digestion, from a primitive crudity of things.

But again one must question, on general idealistic principles, whether there be in such cases any real distinction between symbolism and reality, - between subjective and objective as we commonly use those terms. The resisting matter which we see and touch has "solid" reality for minds so constituted as to have the same subjective feeling awakened by it. But to other minds, endowed with other forms of sensibility - minds possibly both higher and more numerous than our own - this solid matter may seem disputable and unreal, while thought and emotion, perceived in ways unknown to us, may be the only reality.

This material world constitutes, in fact, a "privileged case" - a simplified example - among all discernible worlds, so far as the perception of incarnate spirits is concerned. For discarnate spirits it is no longer a privileged case; to them it is apparently easier to discern thoughts and emotions by non-material signs.1 But they need not therefore be wholly cut off from discerning material things, any more than incarnate spirits are wholly cut off from discerning immaterial things - thoughts and emotions symbolised in phantasmal form. Very possibly the spirit has the same kind of advantage that the sea-gull has over the mackerel; - the bird can see the fish better than the fish can see the bird. Certain hindrances to clear vision (as refraction) may affect bird and fish alike; certain other hindrances (as position of eyes and density of water) may be worse for the fish than for the bird; while others again (as incidence of sunlight on ripple) may baffle the bird in ways of which the fish can form no idea.

"The ghost in man, the ghost that once was man," to use Tennyson's words, have each of them got to overcome by empirical artifices certain difficulties which are of different type for each, but are not insurmountable by either.

660. These reflections, applicable at various points in our argument, have seemed specially needed when we had first to attack the meaning of the so-called "travelling clairvoyance," of which instances were given in the chapter on hypnotism. It was needful to consider how far there was a continuous transition between these excursions and directer transferences between mind and mind, - between telæsthesia and telepathy. It now seems to me that such a continuous transition may well exist, and that there is no absolute gulf between the supernormal perception of ideas as existing in other minds, and the supernormal perception of what we know as matter. All matter may, for aught we know, exist as an idea in some cosmic mind, with which mind each individual spirit may be in relation, as fully as with individual minds. The difference perhaps lies rather in the fact that there may be generally a summons from a cognate mind which starts the so-called agent's mind into action; his invasion may be in some way invited; while a spiritual excursion among inanimate objects only may often lack an impulse to start it.

If this be so, it would explain the fact that such excursions have mainly succeeded under the influence of hypnotic suggestion.

Looking back to those records of travelling clairvoyance already cited in the Appendices to sections 572 and 573 (Mr. Dobbie, Dr. F., Dr. Backman, Dr. Fahnestock, etc.) we shall see in them, just as we saw in the crystal-visions, a kind of fusion of all our forms of supernormal faculty. There was telepathy, telæsthesia, retrocognition, precognition; and in the cases reported by Cahagnet, which will be referred to in Chapter IX (Trance, Possession And Ecstasy)., there was apparently something more besides. We see, in short, as we saw with the crystal-visions, that any empirical inlet into the metetherial world is apt to show us those powers, which we try to distinguish, co-existing in some synthesis by us incomprehensible. Here, therefore, just as with the crystal-visions, we have artificially to separate out the special class of phenomena with which we wish first to deal.

1 See Chapter IX (Trance, Possession And Ecstasy)., passim.

In these experiments, then, there seems to be an independent power of visiting almost any desired place, its position having been perhaps first explained by reference to some landmark already known. The clairvoyante (I use the female word, but in several cases a man or boy has shown this power) will frequently miss her way, and describe houses or scenes adjacent to those desired. Then if she almost literally gets on the scent, if she finds some place which the man whom she is sent to seek has some time traversed, - she follows up his track with greater ease, apparently recognising past events in his life as well as present circumstances. The process often reminds one of the dog who, if let loose far from home, will find his way homewards vaguely at first, and using we do not quite know what instinct; then if he once gets on the scent will hold it easily across much of confusion and obstacle.

In these prolonged experimental cases there is thus time enough to allow of the clairvoyante's traversing certain places, such as empty rooms, factories, and the like, whither no assignable link from any living person could draw her. The evidence to prove telæsthesia, unmixed with telepathy, has thus generally come incidentally in the course of some experiment mainly telepathic in character.