Modern Theories Of Diet And Their Bearing Upon Practical Dietetics | by Alexander Bryce
This is the era of preventive medicine. It is no longer a speciality in the hands of the medical officer of health - it has spread into the domain of private practice. There is an increasing tendency to depend less upon drugs and more upon hygienic methods, less upon therapy of any kind, and more upon such attention to the laws of health as will prevent the inception of disease. Not that the possibilities of curative medicine are by any means exhausted, but that the infinite potentiality of preventive medicine is now being fully recognised.
| Title | Modern Theories Of Diet And Their Bearing Upon Practical Dietetics |
| Author | Alexander Bryce |
| Publisher | Longmans, Green & Co. |
| Year | 1912 |
| Copyright | 1912, Longmans, Green & Co. |
| Amazon | Modern Theories of Diet and Their Bearing Upon Practical Dietetics |
By Alexander Bryce, M D., D.P.H. (Camb.), Author Of "The Laws Of Life And Health", Etc.
To Russell H. Chittenden, Director Of The Sheffield Scientific School Of Yale University As A Tribute To His Invaluable Services In The Advancement Of The Study Of Dietetics, And In Remembrance Of His Many Acts Of Kindness To The Author, This Book Is Respectfully And By Permission Dedicated.
Preface- This is the era of preventive medicine. It is no longer a speciality in the hands of the medical officer of health - it has spread into the domain of private practice. There is an increasing tendency ...
- Chapter I. Theories Of Metabolism
- Introduction Nothing changes quicker than opinion. This remark may be said to apply truly to every subject, but to none with greater force than that of diet. We must all eat to live, and one would ...
- Definition Of Food
- Although this short classification includes all the food-stuffs, it is nevertheless not an easy matter to formulate a brief yet comprehensive definition of food. This might pass muster: any substance ...
- I. The Scientific Methods
- (1) Chemical The object of nutrition is to balance the waste and repair of the body. If, therefore, we can estimate the precise amount of waste matter, calculated as nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen, i...
- Calorimetry
- As all energy set free in the body, except in so far as energy of work is transferred outwards, leaves the body as heat, it is easy, by computing the amount of heat lost, to furnish a statement of the...
- Food And The Skin Area
- As one of the most important functions of food is the maintenance of animal heat, it can easily be demonstrated that the amount of food required is directly proportional to the superficial area of the...
- II. The Empirical Methods
- The empirical methods are not nearly so satisfactory, although they may under certain circumstances yield very accurate results. Much knowledge may be acquired from the statistics published by the fin...
- The Voit Standard Diet
- It might be considered, therefore, that the total quantity of food consumed, less about 10 per cent. for loss of incompletely oxidised products by the faeces and urine, would represent the nutritive r...
- A Caloric Calculator
- It is only in quite recent years that an effort has been made to introduce a means for quickly estimating the amount of food eaten at meal-times, and this suggestion we owe to Irving Fisher, Professor...
- Carbohydrates
- Although carbohydrates are usually denned as compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the last two elements being in the proportion in which they occur in water, other substances, such as acetic aci...
- Digestion
- The digestion of carbohydrates takes place chiefly in the mouth and small intestine, although from what has been said it will be inferred that only cooked starches have much chance of being acted upon...
- Metabolism
- Absorption of the carbohydrate food reduced to the condition of monosaccharoses takes place by the portal capillaries, and in this way being carried by the blood stream to the liver, it is there conve...
- Metabolism. Continued
- Pavy's Theory The other view owes its origin to Pavy, who assents to the doctrine that glycogen is derived from the excess of sugar in the portal vein, but that once formed it is never again in nor...
- Fats
- Their Digestion And Assimilation Fats exist in large quantities in the body in three situations, viz., bone marrow, adipose tissue, and milk. Body fat is a mixture of the three fats, stearin, palmi...
- Proteins
- Their Digestion And Assimilation The proteins are highly complex compounds containing - in addition to the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which we have seen are the elements constituting fats and ca...
- Gastric Protein Digestion
- Protein digestion begins in the stomach and is effected by the hydrochloric acid and pepsin of the gastric secretion. Like most other enzymes, pepsin has its precursor in the form of pepsinogen, which...
- Intestinal Protein Digestion
- The pancreatic fluid contains an inactive zymogen called trypsinogen, which by means of the entero-kinase of the succus entericus is converted to trypsin. This is a strongly proteolytic ferment which ...
- Protein Absorption
- So far there is little possibility of dispute; but now we reach the realm of theory, and there is much contention as to the future course of events. Kuhne's view of protein digestion and absorption wa...
- Autolysis
- It is well known that the tissues themselves contain specific enzymes, some of which have been isolated, and which are responsible for autolysis in appropriate conditions. It is also known that the bl...
- Chapter II. Theories Of Metabolism - Continued
- Theories Of Protein Metabolism Before the formulation of the theory which I shall presently indicate, and which is generally accepted as correct, three important hypotheses had existed. (1) Lieb...
- Creatinin, The Measure Of Endogenous Protein. Metabolism
- Despite this latter statement, creatinin may be taken as the measure of the antecedent tissue - or endogenous metabolism, and urea of the exogenous metabolism. Much experimental work must yet be under...
- Urea, The Measure Of Exogenous Protein Metabolism
- The greater the amount of protein that is ingested, the greater will be the amount of urea excreted, and so we are forced to the conclusion that the body can break up the protein molecule and discharg...
- Purin Metabolism
- In consideration of the fact that many foods and food accessories such as tea, coffee, cocoa, contain certain purin bodies, it is important that we should endeavour to trace them through their various...
- Metabolism Of Uric Acid
- In its metabolism uric acid follows laws of its own, quite independent of other nitrogenous compounds. During the digestion of organs containing blood (e.g., spleen, liver, and other glands), xanthin ...
- Uric Acid Excretion
- The actual amount of uric acid excreted on a purin free diet varies from .25 gram to .6 gram, and on a mixed diet from .5 gram to 1 gram in the twenty-four hours, and it rises rapidly with the increas...
- The Metabolism Of The Mineral Salts
- Excepting in a purely vegetarian diet which requires the administration of a variable quantity of chloride of sodium, there is no necessity for making any special provision for the addition of mineral...
- Mineral Substances
- The following mineral substances are utilised by the body along with the alimentary principles: - Chlorides of sodium, potassium and ammonium, phosphates of sodium, potassium and magnesium, carbona...
- Bunge's Theory Of Chloride Of Sodium Excretion
- One of the essential constituents of every living cell is potassium, and this element is seized upon by the cells in the quantities necessary for their correct functioning. The fluids of the body, on ...
- The Adsorption Theory
- In connection with the metabolism of mineral salts, an interesting view has been presented by Benjamin Moore. He declares that the living cell from the physio-chemical point of view may be looked upon...
- Water (Its Absorption And Excretion)
- As the human body consists of close upon 70 per cent, of water, it is manifest that in one way or another its ingestion demands our careful attention. Where too little fluid is supplied, the blood mai...
- Excretion Of Water
- It would be manifestly impossible to follow an individual molecule of water through all its interchanges, although it provides a wide scope for the fertile exercise of a vivid imagination. It will suf...
- Movements Of The Alimentary Canal. The Stomach
- The classical description given by Dr. Beaumont, that there was a movement of the gastric contents from the cardia along the greater curvature to the pylorus, and then back again along the lesser curv...
- The Intestine
- The contents of the small intestine are propelled forwards by a combination of pendular movements producing rhythmic compression and relaxation, and true peristalsis at the rate of approximately 1 inc...
- Faeces And Their Composition
- We are thus led by the natural sequence of events to consider the composition of the faeces, a subject, like most of those already mentioned, of great interest in connection with our interpretation of...
- Theory Of Intestinal Auto-Intoxication
- We have now followed every nutrient and food-accessory from the moment of its entry to its exit from the body, and so far as our knowledge permits, have accounted for its decomposition and the disposi...
- The Putrefaction Of Protein
- It is recognised, however, that the protein molecule and the intestinal juices are liable to putrefaction in the intestinal canal, with the production of fatty acids, ptomaines, and leucomaines (with ...
- Chapter III. Vegetarianism In Theory And Practice
- It may appear almost paradoxical to commence our study of modern theories of diet with that which is the most ancient both in theory and practice, for the fleshless system of diet has never been witho...
- Vegetarian Arguments
- These are examples of the opinions of scientific medical dietists of different nationalities, representative of the view held by the great bulk of the medical profession on the vegetarian question. It...
- The "Humanitarian" View on Vegetarianism
- But by permitting the inclusion of eggs and milk lacto-vegetarians have deprived themselves of one of the most powerful reasons for disseminating their doctrine - namely, the humanitarian one. Apart f...
- Vegetable Versus Animal Protein
- For the settlement of this problem the evidence at our disposal is fairly extensive. If the flesh-abstainer would only be satisfied to go on utilising the unquestionable advantages of the animal prote...
- Arguments In Favour Of Vegetarianism
- As a prelude, however, to an examination of this statement let us first carefully consider seriatim the reasons advanced for the superiority of vegetarianism. Many of these reasons are quite fantastic...
- Waste Products In Food
- (2) Animals are slaughtered in such a way as to make their flesh rich in waste matter and dangerous as food. It is in this way (so the argument runs) that gout, rheumatism, and apoplexy are apt to ari...
- Waste Products In Food. Part 2
- (5) We are also told that the stimulants in animal food are certain secretions which have formed in the animal prior to death. It is quite certain that if the animal be overdriven and overfed, waste m...
- Waste Products In Food. Part 3
- In an excellent review of the advantages of a fleshless diet, Hutchison criticises it for its lack of energy-producing qualities. He guards against the confusion of energy with muscular strength, and ...
- Vegetarianism. Incidental Issues
- It is commonly asserted that the anthropoid apes live on fruits, nuts, and cereals, but this is not quite true, as they eat insects, worms, small birds, and such other animals as they can capture. Acc...
- Kellogg's Case For Vegetarianism
- Although Kellogg in his drawing-room lectures does not scruple to employ many of the questionable arguments in favour of vegetarianism to which I have just referred, he never relies upon them in discu...
- The Personal Vegetarianism Argument
- Despite all that has been said, therefore, the only infallible argument in favour of vegetarianism to-day that has the slightest value for the individual is the personal one, to which there is no answ...
- Chapter IV. Low-Protein Theory And Practice
- Having discussed in a fairly comprehensive manner the most ancient of all theories of diet, we have paved the way for a consideration of the most recent arrival, viz., the low-protein theory, and as i...
- Low-Protein Theory And Practice. Part 2
- Chittenden's Experiments Reflecting upon these facts and fully believing in the principle of moderation, Professor Chittenden determined to put the question to the test of scientific experiment. Hi...
- Low-Protein Theory And Practice. Part 3
- Critical Aspects Whilst the facts I have just detailed are incontrovertible, and form in themselves a powerful argument for moderation in eating and drinking, there are not wanting critics who asse...
- Low-Protein Theory And Practice. Part 4
- He thinks it is difficult to understand why the men, especially the athletes, should have returned afterwards practically to their former diet, considering the improved physique they obtained, and can...
- Low-Protein Theory And Practice. Part 5
- Most of those engaged in the discussion which followed the reading of Melville's paper at the annual meeting of the British Medical Association in London, 1910, agreed that the quantities were none to...
- Low-Protein Theory And Practice. Part 6
- Fat and water constantly replace each other in the tissues. The rule for nitrogenous matter is that from 20 to 22 parts are found in association with 78 to 80 parts of water, but most organs contain m...
- Low-Protein Theory And Practice. Part 7
- A Racial Comparison By Major Mccay An instructive commentary upon Benedict's final contention is furnished by some figures, included in a valuable study of the metabolism of Bengalis, by Professor ...
- Low-Protein Theory And Practice. Part 8
- Members of the hill tribes, instead of being lackadaisical, after the manner of the low-protein feeders of the plains, were alert, joyous, vivacious, talkative, and happy, while their children were pl...
- Low-Protein Theory And Practice. Part 9
- Inferences Whilst it is important that during adolescence a full ration of protein should be consumed, it is quite clear that when full growth has been attained the smallest amount of food, and ...
- Chapter V. Purin-Free Or Uric-Acid-Free Diet In Theory And Practice
- The best known modern theory of diet is the purin-free, or, as its author, Dr. Alexander Haig, with a certain lack of scientific precision entitles it, the uric-acid-free diet theory. It is quite fair...
- History Of The Purin-Free Or Uric-Acid-Free Diet In Theory
- It is an unquestionable fact that purins are poisons to many people, as they most certainly are to Dr. Haig. They are mainly excreted by the kidneys as uric acid, and this is the keystone of the super...
- 1. Low-Protein Diet Objections From The Chemical Point Of View
- Dr. Haig depends for his estimation of uric acid in the urine on the Haycraft process, which he considers rapid and very constant in its results. Even although it may be all he claims for it from a cl...
- 1. Low-Protein Diet Objections From The Chemical Point Of View. Continued
- So far as I can determine I am unable to satisfy myself that any constant relation, other than that mentioned, exists between the excretion of uric acid and urea. By testing samples of twenty-four hou...
- 2. Low-Protein Diet Objections From The Clinical Point Of View. Headaches
- It is probably not in the nature of things that one should expect such brilliant therapeutical results by the use of a purin-free diet as are obtained by Dr. Haig. For it is evident he is obsessed by ...
- Low-Protein Diet Objections From The Clinical Point Of View. II. Epilepsy
- In this malady, in my experience, a purin-free dietary offers the best chance of a cure, and two of my cases after years of suffering have quite got rid of their attacks. In neither case, however, was...
- Low-Protein Diet Objections From The Clinical Point Of View. Part II. Asthma
- Group III. Asthma I have put a considerable number of cases on a purin-free diet, with the almost constant result of a temporary - sometimes prolonged - improvement, and after a few months a more o...
- Low-Protein Diet Objections From The Clinical Point Of View. Clinical Summary
- With such a record of cases I have not been able to escape the conclusion that whilst the purin-free diet is occasionally an admirable method of treatment in chronic cases of disease, it is not suited...
- 3. Low-Protein Diet Objections From A Consideration Of Purin Metabolism
- An enormous amount of research work has in recent years been accomplished in connection with purin metabolism, and from its results we are quite clear that uric acid is the end-product of nuclear deco...
- 3. Low-Protein Diet Objections From A Consideration Of Purin Metabolism. Continued
- The digestion of animal food, especially meat, is in many cases interfered with by sugars, particularly cane sugar. In this way lactic acid fermentation is induced, and, the proteins being badly diges...
- The Low-Protein Diet Theory And Its Influence
- Just as the vegetarians unblushingly claim all the advantages of the low-protein and purin-free theories, although the fundamental principle of each is absolutely in opposition to their own, so Dr. Ha...
- Chapter VI. Hyperpyraemia In Theory And Practice. The Salisbury Diet
- The doctrine of hyperpyraemia as enunciated by Dr. Francis Hare is really a counterblast to the three theories we have just discussed. Whereas they expend their energies anathematising mainly the nitr...
- The Salisbury Diet. Continued
- He alleges that there are many reasons why such a blood condition should not supervene. In the first place an excess of carbonaceous material is apt to originate glycogenic distention of the liver, ...
- Objections To The Hyperpyraemia Theory
- In connection with this contrast, it appears to me that we detect one of the objections to Hare's theory. He asserts that in common with every other function of the body the functions of digestion and...
- Hyperpyraemia Versus Hyperglycaemia
- This is reducing the combustible material with a vengeance, and although the diet becomes more generous as the treatment of the case progresses, in a typical case it is always one of low caloric value...
- Hyperpyraemia Allied Methods
- It may be that Dr. Hare has stumbled across the explanation of the great value of moderation in diet, and in any case he has emphasised the valuable therapeutical influence of an important dietetic pr...
- Acidosis
- Since the publication of the treatise which forms the text for the preceding remarks, and which emphasises the necessity for a limitation of the carbohydrates in the diet in certain diseases, quite a ...
- Post-Anaesthetic Acidosis
- The acidosis following anaesthesia is of intense importance, and is met with in two well-marked forms: - (1) Acute. This is apparently quite sudden in its onset, intense restlessness, or in childre...
- Diet In Diabetes
- The remedy is equally clear, viz., to increase the supply of carbohydrates, a simple enough process in certain circumstances, but one requiring considerable caution in diabetes. In the mild form of th...
- Chapter VII. Dietetic Theories Associated With The Mineral Salts
- In the dietetic theories we have already discussed, our attention has been riveted mainly on the three essential alimentary principles, and each theory has been concerned with the disposition, from it...
- The Salt-Free Diet. The Craving For Salt
- Chloride of sodium likewise enjoys the distinction of being the only inorganic substance which it is necessary to add to our diet. This is all the more remarkable because both animal and vegetable foo...
- Osmosis And Common Salt
- No more fitting illustration of the paramount importance of mineral salts in the human economy can be found than the influence exercised by chloride of sodium on tissue metabolism and the composition ...
- Hyperchlorination
- The regulative action whereby in health an excess of chlorides is quickly eliminated by the kidney is for some reason suspended during various diseases, and the condition of hyperchlorination is compa...
- Dechlorination
- A hypochloric - or as it is more frequently designated, a dechlorinated - diet is of great value in many diseased conditions, but notably so in epilepsy. In this malady it is most useful for increasin...
- Food-Stuffs Containing Chloride Of Sodium
- It is essential for the correct application of the salt-free diet to possess a knowledge of the chloride contents of the more common food-stuffs. Chlorides are present in beef-tea in very large quanti...
- Common Salt An Aid To Absorption
- Besides its function of increasing the absorption of water, it is known that common salt is a powerful adjuvant to the absorption of albuminous substances. Pure water is absorbed very slowly by the bo...
- Potassium Salts
- Potassium salts are as essential to the nutrition of the body as salts of sodium, and are probably in great measure able to replace them, but our knowledge on this point is not in a very advanced stat...
- Scurvy
- Scurvy has been repeatedly ascribed to a deficiency in the potash salts of the food, producing a relative acidosis, but its etiology is still obscure and has been equally attributed to ptomaine poison...
- Lime Salts In Metabolism
- Quantitative knowledge is important in view of the assertion that at least the salts of calcium have an enormous influence in metabolism, both in health and disease. The influence they exert on the fo...
- Food-Stuffs Containing Calcium
- Food-stuffs containing lime salts may be classed in three groups: (1) Those which contain over 2 parts per 1,000, e.g., eggs, cheese, cow's milk, green cabbage; (2) those which contain between 1 and 2...
- Oxaluria And Its Dietetic Treatment
- The excretion of lime by the kidneys is often, especially in those who metabolise purins badly, complicated by its combination with oxalic acid, and a well-recognised group of symptoms, including head...
- Phosphorus And Its Salts
- Phosphorus is present in varying proportions in food - meat, milk, eggs, cheese, and animal foods generally being richer in this ingredient than vegetable foods. Except, however, in young growing anim...
- Iron
- The quantity of iron contained in a man weighing 70 kilograms is calculated to be about 3.2 grams, and something like 7 to 8 milligrams are excreted daily by the intestine during fasting experiments o...
- Deficiency Of The Mineral Salts
- It will hardly occasion surprise, after what has been said regarding the importance to the body of an adequate supply of mineral salts, that a theory has been enunciated insisting that the cause of al...
- Mineralised Dietetic Agencies
- Mineral salts are freely administered in medicine, both for their local and constitutional effects, for quite other than dietetic purposes. We are familiar with the action of alkalis and acids, with t...
- Chapter VIII. Dietetic Theories Associated With Water
- We have already carefully considered the important part played by water in metabolism, and have indicated the necessity of a sufficient supply thereof to subserve the nutritional functions of the econ...
- Water As A Therapeutic Agent
- Winternitz states that when it is desired to flood the tissues with fluid, to increase the weight of the blood column, to augment the tension in the vascular system, to increase the capillary pressur...
- The Schroth Treatment
- These results are, of course, significant of increased metabolism, and, as such, can only partially be reconciled with the unquestionably beneficial therapeutical results derived from the Schroth trea...
- Rational Drink Restriction
- Although English physicians lack experience in the intensely restrictive measures advocated by Schroth, they are well acquainted with the utility of the reduction in the amount of fluids for the cure ...
- Drinking At Meal Times
- The vexed question as to the advisability of drinking fluids at meal times is one which amateur dietetic reformers invariably answer in the negative. At first sight this course of action is apparently...
- Dry Diet In Heart Disease
- The treatment of cardiovascular disorders by a thirst cure was well known in the Middle Ages, but had fallen into desuetude until it was revived by Oertel a quarter of a century ago. His contention th...
- Dry Diet In Kidney Disease
- It almost takes one by surprise to find that certain chronic renal diseases are found to derive great benefit by limitation of the allowance of drinks, but on calm reflection one must perceive that su...
- Drinking In Obesity
- Whatever doubts may have existed in the layman's mind with regard to the advisability of reducing the input of liquids in the diseases we have just mentioned, he has never had any difficulty in believ...
- Chapter IX. The Theory And Practice Of Efficient Mastication
- We must now engage our attention with dietetic theories which have little or no relation to the alimentary principles excepting in so far as they introduce a particular mode of preparing them for the ...
- Fletcherism
- In the pages of this book he declares he has found a way how not to eat too much, while eating all that appetite desires, and in a way that leads to a maximum of food taste and at a minimum of cost a...
- Van Someren's Researches Of Efficient Mastication
- Having proved the efficiency of this system in his own person by being accepted for life assurance about a dozen years ago, he nevertheless found the greatest difficulty in getting scientists to accep...
- Fisher's Experiments Of Efficient Mastication
- In recent years many other experiments confirming those of Mr. Fletcher have been conducted. At Yale University, five years ago, a band of nine students undertook an experiment to test the virtues of ...
- Psomophagy And Poltophagy
- A very interesting contribution to this side of the question has been made by another disciple of Mr. Fletcher in the person of Dr. Hubert Higgins, late of Cambridge, England. In this paper he relates...
- Functions Of The Saliva
- But in reference to the subject under consideration, practically everything of really effective value which has been advanced by Fletcher was known long before his time. I find that in 1891 Professor ...
- Bearings Of The Theory Of Efficient Mastication
- It may be conceded, therefore, that although there is nothing novel in the practice of effective mastication - which Dr. Harry Campbell considers one of the lost arts - it is quite certain that Mr. Fl...
- Chapter X. The "Curdled Milk" Theory And Practice
- Milk shares with honey the distinction of being the only dietetic agency which is originally intended for this purpose and no other, and is practically the only food containing all the alimentary prin...
- Bacteria And Toxins In The Colon
- Probably the pioneer in this study was Bouchard, who almost a quarter of a century ago enunciated the doctrine of auto-intoxication, declaring that, apart from the poisons swallowed in our foods, the ...
- The Limitations Of Curdled Milk Therapy
- In consequence of these claims made for curdled milk, it is at present in great favour both with the medical profession and among the public, as a very valuable article of diet, and from this point of...
- Rheumatism Produced By Curdled Milk
- Perhaps the most serious indictment in connection with its use is the undoubted fact that it induces or initiates rheumatism, and I would like to draw attention to this fact on account of the many cas...
- Indications For Lactic Acid Therapy
- It should be borne in mind that lactic acid therapy is only indicated when the putrefactive anaerobic micro-organisms are in excess in the colon, and there is no guarantee that without such a guide th...
- Chapter XI. The No-Breakfast Plan In Theory And Practice
- The principle of moderation, which is carried to excess in the practice of fasting, finds a certain form of expression in the various methods whose distinctive feature is the omission of one or more m...
- The Fasting Headache
- But this is not the only erroneous physiological doctrine which emanates from the supporters of Dr. Dewey, for they boldly assert that normal hunger is never manifested in the stomach, but, like thirs...
- The No-Lunch Plan
- As an evidence that after all moderation is the most ideal system, and that the simple deprivation of breakfast is by no means the all-important feature, a new sect has arisen, the votaries of which, ...
- Chapter XII. Raw Food In Theory And Practice
- The outstanding feature of all dissent is partition. The type of mind which is favourable towards lack of conformity with the established order of things is just as apt to find points of dissimilarity...
- Infantile Scurvy
- We know from experience that the prolonged use of cooked food to the entire exclusion of uncooked foods is invariably attended with impairment of the health and strength, and we are specially well acq...
- Diarrhoea And Constipation
- The disease, however, of all others which owes its inception to cooked food is that terrible autumn epidemic, diarrhoea. Vincent says: It is essential for the development of the disease that the char...
- Changes Effected In Food By Cooking
- Much more suitable arguments at the command of the advocates of a raw diet - at least when they are reasonably applicable - may be found in the undoubted facts of ease of preparation and economy, for ...
- Limits Of Hygienic Utility
- Whatever the elusive factor may be which constitutes the freshness of a dietetic article, it is to be found in the juices not only of fresh fruit, but also of raw meat and uncooked vegetables. Raw mea...
- Celluloses
- Celluloses are divided into three classes, according to their behaviour with reagents: (1) those like cotton fibre, which offer a maximum resistance to hydrolytic action; (2) those usually called oxyc...
- Celluloses. Continued
- Moreigne has investigated the action of the grape cure, which consists in eating from one to six or even more pounds of grapes actually gathered from the vine itself. He reports that the urine is incr...
- Chapter XIII. Yeast-Free Bread In Theory And Practice
- Yeast has been used in the manufacture of bread probably from prehistoric times, for certainly it was known to the Egyptians two thousand years before the Christian era. Its claims to recognition as a...
- Ferments And Their Action
- This does not, however, dispose of the statement that the action of the digestive and alcoholic ferments is quite opposite in character, nor can I see how this contention can be upheld. Ferments were ...
- Chapter XIV. Forced Feeding In Theory And Practice
- Fasting emphasises the principle of rest for the organs of digestion. As a system of therapy, it professes to set free the energy usually expended in digesting food for vital purposes, and to diminish...
- Fat And Nutrition
- Some fats are said to be wholesome and others are not, and the statement becomes intelligible when we study the process of fat digestion. This occurs, in its initial stage, probably in the duodenum, w...
- Normal Amount Of Adipose Tissue
- All healthy people should possess a certain quantity of fat, but the proportion must necessarily vary, the average being from 18 to 22 per cent. of the body-weight in an adult man, and from 25 to 28 p...
- Forced Feeding Defined
- Forced feeding, therefore, may be defined as any caloric excess over the ordinary nutritive requirements of the body, and is always associated with a retention of nitrogen, not necessarily in the form...
- The Best Fattening Agent
- So long as the food is suited to the individual capacity and idiosyncrasy it is really immaterial for fattening purposes whether we depend upon protein, carbohydrates, or fats. Proteins are certainly ...
- The Modified Rest Cure
- In these cases the most appropriate form of treatment consists in a modified rest cure of, at the longest, three months' duration. The first three weeks of this time should be spent almost entirely in...
- Forced Feeding And Moderation
- At first sight the system of forced feeding may be considered a violation of the principle of moderation, which - as must now be apparent to all my readers - is the fundamental dietetic doctrine incul...
- Chapter XV. Fasting In Theory And Practice
- Fasting is the apotheosis of the principle of moderation. Except in a modified form it can hardly be said as yet to have attained to the dignity of a method of dietotherapy, although in recent years i...
- Scientific Researches On Fasting
- By far the best way of demonstrating the fallacy of the dictum that a prolonged fast only rids the body of superfluous excrementitious material, leaving the healthy tissues absolutely intact, is to ta...
- Metabolism During Fasting
- Rubner has formulated the law that the expenditure of energy during starvation is diminished in the same proportion as the weight of the body, and it is notable that during the first few days of acute...
- Loss Of Weight In Fasting
- As the body is essentially composed of the alimentary principles, and as the total carbohydrate-content of the body in the shape of glycogen falls decidedly short of 400 grams, it is manifest that the...
- The Quality Of The Blood During A Fast
- If one were to neglect John Hunter's dictum, Don't think, but try, he would be led into all sorts of misconceptions regarding the changes in the quality of the blood. As might be expected, there is ...
- Fasting Effects On The Digestive Organs
- In common with all the secretions, the saliva is diminished in quantity even when plenty of water is taken, and it frequently becomes acid in reaction. The diastatic ferment is lessened in the mouth, ...
- Influence Of Fasting On The Urine
- The average quantity of urine is usually subnormal, even when large quantities of water are consumed, and is generally 300 c.c. less than the amount consumed. The loss of water by the lungs, skin, and...
- Influence Of Fasting On The Urine. Illustrative Case
- The most complete study of the phenomena of fasting in this country with which I am acquainted was conducted by Dr. E. P. Cathcart on Victor Beaute, a German professional starving man or hungerkunstl...
- Harmful Effects Of The Fasting Fad
- Laymen are too much accustomed to give vent to all sorts of prophetic utterances as a result of their single experiment on their own bodies, forgetting that not even a skilled observer can be trusted ...
- Chapter XVI. Conclusion - The Practice Of Moderation
- To one who has closely followed the arguments for and against the various dietetic systems described in the foregoing chapters, very little reflection will suffice to reveal the only principle which i...
- Moderation The Only Common Factor
- The one thing upon which these three sects agree is in the diminished amount of food, and so the only conception which appears to unite them is the fundamental doctrine of moderation, which has not on...
- Efficient Mastication Of Vital Importance
- The practice of efficient mastication is undoubtedly the best means of enforcing reduction in the total amount of food, as well as of the protein, and is probably its chief value. For where moderation...
- Diet And Idiosyncrasy
- A point of great importance too little emphasised by dietetic reformers is the undoubted existence in certain individuals of idiosyncrasy for certain articles of diet. Nothing more fully illustrates t...
- Bibliography. General Textbooks
- Metabolism and Practical Medicine. C. von Noorden. Heinemann. 1907. A Textbook of Human Physiology. Landois and Stirling, 4th edition. Griffin. Recent Advances in Physiology and Biochemistry. Le...
- Bibliography. Continued
- Chapter V. The Purin-Free Diet Textbooks Uric Acid in the Causation of Disease. Alexander Haig, M.D., etc. Churchill. Diet and Food. Alexander Haig, M.D., etc. Churchill. Gout. Professor Strauss...
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