Tartrates, phosphates, citrates, tannates of the cinchona alkaloids have been occasionally proposed as remedial agents; and the hy-drochlorate of cinchonine has lately been employed in medicine.

Off. Prep. - Of the Yellow Cinchona Bark. Decoctum Cinchonae

Flavae. Decoction of Yellow Cinchona Bark. (Yellow bark, in coarse powder, one ounce; distilled water, one pint, reduced to sixteen fluid ounces by boiling.) [A troy ounce of yellow Cinchona is boiled for fifteen minutes in a pint of water, strained, and enough water added through the strainer to make the decoction measure a pint. U. S.]

Extractum Cinchonae Flavae: Liquidum. Liquid Extract of Yellow Cinchona. (Yellow cinchona bark, in coarse powder, one pound; distilled water, a sufficient quantity; rectified spirit, one fluid ounce, prepared by maceration, percolation, subsequent evaporation (at a temperature not exceeding 160°) to three fluid ounces, or until the specific gravity of the liquid is 1.2. When cold add the spirit. The specific gravity should be about 1.1.) Four fluid ounces represent one pound of the bark.

[Extractum Cinchonae Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Cinchona. U. S. Yellow Cinchona, sixteen troy ounces; sugar, twenty troy ounces; diluted alcohol, a sufficient quantity. Four pints of tincture are obtained by percolation; this is evaporated by means of a water bath to two pints, the sugar added, the whole again evaporated to two pints and strained while hot.]

Infusum Cinchonae Flavae. Infusion of Yellow Bark. (Yellow cinchona bark, in coarse powder, half an ounce; boiling distilled water, ten fluid ounces.)

[Infusum Cinchonae Flavae. Infusion of Yellow Bark. U. S. Yellow Cinchona, in powder, a troy ounce; aromatic sulphuric acid, a fluid drachm; water, a sufficient quantity. The aromatic sulphuric acid is added to a pint of water. The powder, moistened with half a fluid ounce of the mixture, is percolated with the remainder of it, and afterwards with water, until the filtered liquid measures a pint.]

[Infusum Cinchonae Rubrae. Infusion of Red Cinchona. U. S. The same as Infusum Cinchonas Flavae.]

Tinctura Cinchonae Flavae. Tincture of Yellow Bark. (Yellow cinchona, in coarse powder, four ounces; proof spirit, one pint. Prepared by maceration and percolation.)

[Tinctura Cinchonas. U. S. Two pints of tincture are prepared by percolating six troy ounces of yellow bark, with diluted alcohol so as to obtain two pints of tincture.]

Of the Pale Bark. Tinctura Cinchonae Compositae. Compound Tincture of Cinchona. (Pale cinchona bark, in coarse powder, two ounces; bitter orange peel, cut small and bruised, one ounce; serpentary, bruised, half an ounce; saffron, sixty grains; cochineal in powder, thirty grains; proof spirit, one pint. Prepared by maceration and percolation.)

[Tinctura Cinchonae Composita. U. S. Red Cinchona in moderately fine powder, four troy ounces; orange peel, in powder, three troy ounces; serpentaria, in powder, three hundred and sixty grains; saffron, in powder, red saunders, in powder, each one hundred and twenty grains. Percolated with diluted alcohol so as to form two and a half pints of tincture.]

Of Quinia. Tinctura Quininae Composita. Compound Tincture of Quinine. [Not officinal in U. S. P.] (Sulphate of quinia, one hundred and sixty grains; tincture of orange peel, twenty fluid ounces.) One fluid drachm contains a grain of sulphate of quinia.

Therapeutics. Cinchona barks owe their efficacy chiefly to the alkaloids contained in them, but some influence is also exercised by the cincho-tannic acid and red cinchonic, which produce a slight difference of action between the barks and the alkaloids derived from them. Given in small doses, bark causes an increase of appetite, especially in weak patients, and at the same time improves the condition of the muscular and nervous systems; hence the improvement of the blood and general health; it may, therefore, be well designated a tonic. Its power in bracing up the system is also seen in the check given to the colliquative sweating occurring in extreme debility. Bark also produces a peculiar influence upon the nervous system, which is exhibited in the extraordinary power which it possesses of arresting the progress of certain diseases, characterised by a periodical recurrence of their symptoms, as ague, the different forms of neuralgia, and certain inflammatory affections: how this effect is produced is at present unknown. Bark acts likewise as an astringent, and this property, combined with the tonic and antcperiodic powers, is often of much therapeutic value.

In large doses bark causes disagreeable, and sometimes serious symptoms, as thirst, loss of appetite, nausea, and even vomiting, headache, throbbings in the head, noise in the ears, and occasionally deafness and coma.

Bark may be advantageously employed in many diseases.

In atonic dyspepsia, as a stomachic, bark is most valuable in cases where the indigestion results from a want of tone in the general system, such as occasionally occurs in the convalescence from acute diseases, and in some forms of gastrodynia of a neuralgic and intermittent character.

In atonic conditions of the general system, as a tonic, to improve the tone of the muscles, check too great perspiration and abnormal mucous discharges if present, it is useful also in scrofula and other forms of cachexia, and in gangrene arising from want of tone in the habit; also in some low forms of chronic inflammation.

It is, however, in intermittent fevers that its efficacy is most strongly marked, and perhaps no remedy in the list of the Materia Medica has obtained such repute in the treatment of these fevers. Bark may be given in two ways; either in a very large dose, a short time before the expected paroxysm, or in small doses, frequently continued, during the whole of the interval between the paroxysms: sometimes the first method is at once effectual, but there is some fear of producing unpleasant symptoms from the amount of the dose; the second method is also, as a rule, quite successful, and without hazard.

Bark has been found useful in all the different varieties of quotidian, tertian and quartan agues, and also in the remittent fevers occurring in hot and damp climates, as on some parts of the coast of Africa, etc. In continued fevers its value is questionable.

Externally bark acts as an astringent and antiseptic: it is sometimes made use of as an application to unhealthy ulcers, sprinkled in the form of powder on the part, also in the form of gargle in putrid sore throats, and applied to spongy gums as a dentifrice.