On this account, and for other reasons which shall be stated under the head of each kind, I am of opinion that the best arrangement of the Cinchona barks for medicinal purposes would be that for-merly adopted, founded upon the difference of colour, namely pale, yellow, red.

The genus cinchona has been divided by De Candolle into eight genera, namely, Cinchona, Bucna, Remijia, Exostemma, Pinckneya, Hymenodyction, Luculia, Danais. The diagnostic characters of the genus Cinchona are, "the leaves opposite, upon short petioles, with flat margins, and ovate or oblong, foliaceous, free, deciduous stipules; flowers terminal, in corymbose panicles, of a white or a purplish rose colour."

1. Cinchona lancifolia 1, Mutis. Period, de Santa Fe, p. 465.

Officinal. Cinchonae lancifoliae cortex, Lond. Edin. Dub. Lance-leaved Cinchona. The Pale Bark of the shops.2

Lima, Guayaquil, Payta, and other ports on the South Sea.-Plantae Aequinoc. p. 34. Perhaps more bark is used in Rome than in any other part of Europe. According to M. Valentin (Voy. Med. en Italie, 1820), 4000lbs. are consumed annually in the Hospital Lo Spirito Santo; and about 10,200 lbs. in the whole city.

1 Synonymes. C. nitida, C. glabra, C. angustifolia, Ruiz, C. Condaminia, Humb. C. angustifolia, Ruiz and Pavon. C. tunita, Lopez. C. lanceolata, Ruiz and Pavon. C. rosea, Ruiz and Pavon. C Hirsuta, Ruiz, also yields pale bark.

2 In the first and second editions of the Dispensatory, I regarded this as the yellow bark of the shops; but, in the subsequent editions I conceived that I was mistaken, from my imperfect knowledge of the Spanish language, and the ambiguity of the term Amarilla, which may be translated either pale or yellow. I find, since, that the reviewer of Von Bergen's excellent monographs of the genus Cinchona, says, in speaking of the C. regia, yellow bark,-"Mutis, Humboldt, and others, derive this bark from the C. lancifolia,-Professor Hayne from the C. cordifolia."

Syn. Quinquina de Loxa, Quinquina couronne (F.), Kron-China, China-rinde, Loxa China, Blasse China (G.), China, Kina, China bast (Dutch), Kinabark, Chinabark (Dan.), Kina, Kinabark, Feberbark, Peruvianisk feber-bark (Swed.), China (I.), Quina de Loxa, Quina de Loxa corona, Cascarilla fina de Uritusinga, Quina Naranjada ( S.), Quina (Portug.), Chinoi karki (Russ.), Kwinkinna (Polish), Kinna (Modern Greek).

This tree is found chiefly in the neighbourhood of the village Ayavaca, at heights from 6250 to 8300 feet, where the mean temperature varies between 59° and 62° of Fahr. on a bottom of micaceous schist, in the woods of Caxanuma, Uritusinga, Villonaco, and Monge. It is a lofty, handsome tree, always in leaf; from thirty to forty-five feet in height, and from one to four feet in diameter, standing generally single1; whereas most of the other species are found in groups. It exudes, wherever it is wounded, a yellow astringent juice. The trunk is erect, with a cracked blackish brown or ash-coloured bark; the branches are in opposite pairs, erect, brachiated; with the younger ones obscurely quadrangular at the nodes. The leaves are of a lively green, shining, ovato-lanceolate, about four inches long, with a little pit in the axillas of the nerves on the under surface, which is filled with an astringent, aqueous fluid, and having the orifice shut with hairs : they stand on purplish footstalks one sixth of their length, flat above, and convex below: but the form of the leaf varies according to the altitude at which it grows; particularly before the tree comes into flower. The stipules are two, supra-axillary, acute, silky, contiguous, and caducous.

The flowers, which appear in May, June, and July, are odorous, of a pale rose colour, and furnished with little bractes; they appear in terminal, brachiated, leafy, tricho-tomous panicles, with round peduncles carrying pedicles which are pubescent and silky. The calyx is globular, bell-shaped, five-toothed, pubescent like the pedicles, with the teeth ovate, acute, very short, contiguous and violaceous. The corolla is somewhat salver-shaped, longer than the calyx, with the tube obscurely pentagonous, pubescent, more frequently of a rose colour; the limb is rotate with linear lanceolate segments, much shorter than the tube, woolly or shaggy on the inside. The anthers are linear, twice the length of the free portion of the filaments, and the free parts of these are two thirds shorter than the adherent.2 The ovary is globular, changing to an ovate, woody, longitudinally ten-striated, flattish capsule; it supports a filiform style with a bifid stigma. The capsule is crowned with the calycinal teeth, is two-celled, many-seeded, oppositely twice-furrowed, and opening from the base to the apex with two valves.

The seeds are lenticular and winged, or bordered with a rigid membrane.

1 This solitary character pertains to all the valuable Cinchonas, 2 Humboldt.

This tree, or rather its variety, C. condaminia, affords the original Cinchona bark of Peru, which is now very rare, 110 quintals only being cut, instead of 4000, which was the quantity cut in 1779 : it is reserved for the use of the Spanish government.1 Zea says it is the lancifolia of Mutis, under which we have placed it; and there is also a great affinity between it and the C. scrobiculata of Humboldt, according to that celebrated traveller. The bark of the lancifolia is the pale bark of the shops, the Quina Naranjada2, Cascarilla fina de Uritusinga, Quina fina, Quina de Loxa, and Q. de Loxa corona of the Spaniards.3 It is preferred in South America to all the other cinchonas, and is known to the English by the name of Loxa and Crown bark. Two other varieties of it, probably produced by distinct species, are also known in commerce by the names of Lagartijada (lizard-like), and Negrilla (blackish), from the colour of their epidermis.4 It has always been known in this country by the vague name of Peruvian or officinal bark. The branches are decorticated in the dry season, from September to November, which is the period when all the kinds are barked, and the bark is carefully dried in the sun.