Writer's cramp, nervous tremors. Here, also, belong those affections which Berillon designates by the name bigaiement graphique, in which the patient is only unable to write when he thinks he is being watched. Legrain likewise lays weight on the mental excitement in writer's cramp, and recommends hypnotic suggestion as treatment.

Stammering (von Corval, Ringier, Wetterstrand, Pauly). Lefevre traces the origin of stammering essentially to suggestion caused by imitation.

Hysterical attacks of various kinds - for example, spasms, convulsions.

Hysterical paralyses of the extremities; hysterical aphonia and mutism; astasia and abasia (Stembo).

Catalepsy (Viviani). Georges-Gaston Pau de St. Martin published in his medical dissertation (Strassburg, 1869) a case in which catalepsy was successfully treated by hypnosis. He thought the improvement was due to rubbing the limbs during hypnosis, and maintained that the simultaneous use of hypnosis was necessary in his case, in opposition to an earlier publication by Puel, who also employed such rubbings successfully in cataleptic fits.

Enuresis noctufna. Ringier reports that a little girl became subject to nocturnal incontinence of urine after other children had told her that she would wet the bed because she had plucked a certain flower, the meadow crowfoot. The flower in question, Ranunculus acris, is in Switzerland commonly called ptsse-en-Iit1 It is easy to see that a disorder which can thus be caused by suggestion may most easily be cured by suggestion.

Any kind of disturbance of menstruation (Liebeault, Bern-heim, Forel, Wetterstrand, Bugney, Brunnberg, Journee, Mar-andon de Monthyel, Gascard). The most different kinds of disturbance of menstruation may be influenced by hypnotic suggestion, amenorrhcea as well as menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea. It is worth mentioning that Liebeault was never able to cause abortion by hypnotic suggestion.

Attacks of eclampsia are thought by Le Menant des Chesnais to be influenced beneficially by hypnosis. Reports as to the results obtained by the hypnotic treatment of epilepsy vary, but are not favourable on the whole. A few observers - Wetterstrand, for example - report cases of improvement from treatment by prolonged hypnosis; but Hilger is very reserved in his remarks, though he also found improvement in two cases. I have never seen a successful result that I could attribute to hypnosis as such with any degree of probability; certainly a successful result is easily simulated in many cases of epilepsy.

Sleeplessness, uneasy dreams, spontaneous somnambulism.

Gastro-intestinal disturbances of nervous origin; loss of appetite; hysterical vomiting (Freud); vomiting of pregnancy (Choteau, Anuforiew, Pobedinski); chronic constipation (Forel, Benard, Schmidt, Farez, Delius). Forel has rightly pointed out that many cases of chronic constipation are brought about by there being no direct innervation current from the brain to the bowels. It is exactly in such cases that purgatives are not merely useless, but injurious.

Hysterical polyuria (Mathieu, Babinski, Debove); nervous asthma (Briigelmann).

All kinds of neuroses of emotion - e.g., fear of blushing (Friedlander, Bechterew); fear of being unable to pass water, dread of diarrhoea, agoraphobia (Jong), and similar obsessions. To the obsessions belong also cases of nosophobia, in which the patient is dominated by the fear of disease. We know that in such cases the symptoms of the disease dreaded may be produced by auto-suggestion, as, for example, the phenomena of tabes, or attacks like those of epilepsy. In some cases suggestion should be employed to remove the feeling of fear, in others to combat the symptoms produced by auto-suggestion. Julius Althaus specially recommends suggestion in nosophobia, which includes many cases ascribed to rabies. Ch. Ph. Pinel thinks that there are cases of pseudo-rabies which sometimes terminate fatally although the patients have never been bitten. In such cases, as well as in those of pseudo-rabies in which the patients have been bitten, hypnosis with suggestion is indicated. Pinel has treated and cured a case of this kind by hypnotic suggestion.

1 In the well-known French lexicon by Sachs-Villatte the dandelion is called pisse-en-lit.

Many authors advocate the use of hypnosis where there is a tendency to the misuse of stimulants and narcotics, especially in cases of chronic alcoholism (Forel, A. Voisin, Ladame, Widmer, Lloyd Tuckey, Wetterstrand, Corval, Knory, Neilson, Bushnell, Stegmann, Tokarski, Wiazemsky, Ortizky, Rybakoff, Farez, A. Marnay). Corval pointed out that in alcoholism the injurious effects of abstinence can sometimes be suppressed by suggestion, and Bramwell thinks that he has obtained successful results in cases of dipsomania. Morphinism (Wetterstrand, Marot), nicotinism, and similar drug manias have been treated by suggestions, sometimes successfully. Experience shows that better results are obtained in alcoholism than in morphinism, though in the latter the injurious effects of abstinence can also be suppressed by suggestion. Opinions differ whether a gradual or sudden disuse of the drug should be produced while the patient is undergoing hypnotic treatment. Berillon and Tanzi are in favour of the gradual method. R. Binswanger disputes the great efficacy which Wetterstrand attributes to suggestion. Landgren, a Swedish physician, has hereupon published his own history; in consequence of acute pains due to inflammation of the joints, he had become accustomed to the use of morphia.

Wetterstrand succeeded in curing him with remarkable rapidity, and Landgren states that the severe pains which assuredly followed every attempt to discontinue morphia were remarkably shortened. Sigmund A. Agatson also reports that he was able in the same way to avoid the injurious effects of abstinence in a case of morphinism.

Hypnotic suggestion is also recommended in affections of the sexual impulse, and has sometimes met with success. Most suitable for hypnotic suggestion are the various forms of sexual perversion, including homosexuality, as well as masochism, sadism and fetishism; and, further, perverse inclination towards the immature of the other sex. Krafft-Ebing, Schrenck-Notzing, Kraepelin, Alfred Fuchs, Ladame, Tatzel, Naret, Renterghem, and Wetterstrand have observed good results in the most different forms of sexual perversion. The treatment has also occasionally proved successful in masturbation.