a. Fibroid tissue and calcareous concretions result from chronic inflammation of the urinary passages in the manner above described.

b. Cysts appear to be more frequent in the urinary passages than they are in and upon other excretory ducts. Without referring to older cases, we may notice two that have been observed in the Vienna Hospital. They represent cysts of the size of millet-seeds or peas, developed under the mucous membrane, and either grouped together or solitary, containing a colorless or yellowish serous fluid, in which is found a soft glutinous or hard nodule, varying in size, and resembling amber or horn; these cysts and the mucous covering occasionally burst, which is proved by the concretions having been discovered unattached in the bladder. They were found chiefly occupying the ureters, and in one case the pelves and calices of the kidneys.

C. Tubercle

This occurs as tubercular affection of the mucous membrane, and is always a symptom of tubercular disease that has spread from the male genitals to the urinary organs. The earlier stages and the chronic course of the disease are marked by gray millet-sized granulations in the submucous cellular tissue, which speedily become yellow, soften, and after perforating the mucous membrane within a ring of reactive inflammation, give rise to small circular ulcers, which but rarely enlarge to the dimensions of a pea or a bean. When the disease sets in with great violence, the mucous membrane is attacked in larger sinuous or annular patches, or becomes infiltrated throughout with the tubercular product of inflammation, which is at once detached as a cheesy purulent mass. The mucous membrane is, under these circumstances, converted into a thick, yellow, fissured, and purulent layer, the external cellulo-fibrous layer of which presents a lardaceous character; the calibre of the canal is enlarged. At those parts which are not affected by this degeneration, we not unfrequently find numerous aphthous erosions, resembling those observed in pulmonary and laryngeal phthisis.

Tubercular suppuration occasionally passes from the pelvis of the kidney to its parenchyma, and it here not unfrequently meets with softening tubercles, or even with tubercular abscesses.

D. Cancer

Cancer occurs very rarely as a primary disease of the mucous membrane of the urinary passages, and never except in company with one or several cancerous formations in other organs already in a process of development; in these cases it affects the calices and pelvis of the kidney, and chiefly assumes the medullary or fungoid form.

The parietes of the urinary passages are very often involved in a secondary degeneration by the encroachment of cancerous growths from without; the calices and pelvis being attacked by carcinoma of the kidney, the ureters by cancer of the uterus. Their cavities are narrowed by the cancerous products, and even entirely closed up.