This section is from "The Horticulturist, And Journal Of Rural Art And Rural Taste", by P. Barry, A. J. Downing, J. Jay Smith, Peter B. Mead, F. W. Woodward, Henry T. Williams. Also available from Amazon: Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste.
We have often thought the labors of a careful nurseryman were little appreciated, and as compared with the intelligence required for the business, less remuneratively compensated than those of any other business. It may be we are mistaken, but we know few out of the many engaged in tree growing that have ever accumulated any amount of means from their legitimate business. True, there are many who have got rich, but more, we think, from a rise of their real estate than the profits of tree growing. As a profession, those only who are engaged in it have the impression of the extent of knowledge requisite to prosecute it successfully. If the varieties of fruits may not all be known, the names of each, and habits of the trees, vines, etc., have to be studied, and a knowledge of their whereabouts in the grounds always had, or otherwise gross errors would soon occur, and the owner's reputation become sadly damaged. We wish some nurseryman would write us out a little show of what constitutes a life in that pursuit - it might give the people a better impression of the care required to supply them with trees.
Twenty-three hundred and fifty-four varieties of fruits form the list embraced in one nurseryman's catalogue.
If you are about to lay down an orchard to grass, do so with grass seed alone. A crop of rye, oats, etc., will do more in one season to check the growth of trees, than can be remedied in three years thereafter under the best cultivation.
"The pears most benefited by quince stocks appear to be summer and autumn varieties, and those of a decisively melting character." Such were the words of a prominent and able pomologist in 1844. How stands the record now ?
Insects will not be as destructive in an orchard well cultivated, so much as one that is left in grass.
Ground prepared for transplanting trees should be rich and mellow, but the hole for the tree should not be dug any deeper than the depth of the soil is worked surrounding it. In heavy clay soils, talking out the subsoil and filling with loam induces the water to settle there as in a cistern, and produces canker and gangrene in the tree. Where the plow can be used, it is always advisable to plow and subsoil the whole surface; the cost of labor is less, and any manure, like ashes, barnyard, etc., can be more evenly and generally incorporated in the whole ground for benefit of the trees in future years.
 
Continue to: