The Live Oak is in great demand for ship building, but is becoming very scarce. Our matchless White Oak is used for wagons, railway cars, furniture and general framework. Rails and shingles are made of Chestnut Oak, and Iron Oak makes good fence posts.

The Hickories, Carya alba and C. glabra, are used in the manufacture of wagons, railway cars and tool handles. White, Blue and Green Ash are used in immense quantities for wagons, agricultural implements, cabinet work and interior finishing; it excels all other woods for boat oars. Black ash is useful for coopering and basket making. Poplar is largely used for panneling in wagons and railway cars, and for household utensils. White and Black Walnut are extensively used for furniture and interior decoration. White walnut is also made into shoes for use on damp floors.

Chestnut makes the best and cheapest telegraph poles, is largely used for railroad ties, sometimes for interior finishing and in the South for fencing. Thousands of cords of Cherry are annually manufactured into furniture; it is easily polished, and is stained in imitation of Ebony, Mahogany, Amaranth, Cocobola, etc.; it makes a handsome interior finish, and is used for tools. The Wild Cherry, Cerasus serotina, surpasses any of its species for cabinet work; it receives a high polish.

Mathematical instruments and tools are made of Apple and Pear. Sassafras is used where bending is required. The Elm is used for hubs and running gear of railway cars. Rock Elm is largely exported to Europe, where it is used for ship-building and wagon work. Most elms form excellent timber. The dark colored portion of the Sweet Gum so nearly resembles walnut that it is often used as its substitute. The Sour Gum is in demand for hubs. White Cedar, Cupressus thyoides, is used for shingles, fences, telegraph poles, building purposes, interior finishing and wooden ware. Lead pencils, pen handles, etc., are made of Red Cedar. The Yellow Cedar, abundant in Alaska, furnishes a timber for ship building, in which the teredo worm does not work. Arbor-Vitas, Thuja occidentalis, is used for stakes, poles, etc. California Redwood is used in its native State for building purposes, and in the East for furniture and interior decoration. The toughness and elasticity of the American Larch gives it a value for spars for vessels; it is also used for fence posts and stakes.

Spruce is used for frame work of buildings.

Of the maples the Red is the most valuable, for it furnishes the Curled Maple, so highly prized for furniture, interior decoration and gun stocks; the plain part of this timber is also used for furniture and for turning and wooden-ware. Sugar Maple is used for interior finishing, furniture, ship building, shoe-lasts and saddletrees; this species furnishes the Bird's Eye Maple, so widely used for furniture and interior finishing. The Soft or Silver Maple is largely used for cheap furniture, flooring, turning, wooden-ware, framing for machinery, and shoe pegs. Baywood is extensively used as a substitute for mahogany in the manufacture of furniture and interior decoration.

Betula lenta, called Black, Sweet and Mahogany Birch, is as handsome a wood as Honduras Mahogany. It is used for interior finishing and furniture. The Yellow and White Birches make lasts and tool handles. Beech is used for tools and framework for machinery. Sycamore is a fine wood for interior finishing and furniture. Linden is useful for furniture and carriage work where bending is required, it being little liable to crack or check. Ropes and bast matting are made of the inner bark. Catalpa speciosa is extensively used for fence-posts, building purposes and railway carriages. It is more durable than White Oak for railway ties, and vies with Chestnut for telegraph poles. Hemlock is used for framework of buildings. The Cucumber tree furnishes wood for ploughs and wagons, and makes the best pump logs. In the Southwest wood of the Osage Orange is preferable to all others for bows. It is the most durable of all our timber. Wagon running gears and agricultural implements made of this wood will remain in excellent condition for a number of years without paint.

Cottonwood is used for furniture and interior dec orations, but to no great extent, for, though a handsome wood, its interlocked grain renders it unprofitable for finely finished work.

The Willows, Salix Candida, S. viminalis, S. purpurea, S. Russelliana and S. rigida, are used for basket making. Basket Willow is imported in immense quantities, not because our species are inferior, but because there is not enough grown here for our own consumption. No wood excels the Black Locust for fence-posts. Honey Locust is also used for fencing. Hornbeam is useful for tools and framework of machinery. Iron-wood makes the best levers and derricks. The bark of the Leatherwood is used for ropes and baskets. Dogwood is extensively exported to Europe, where it is made into weaver's shuttles. Mulberry is used for furniture and interior finishing, and is unsurpassed for boat building, being very elastic.

White Pine, Pinus strobus, is used in immense quantities for building purposes, and makes excellent ship masts. P. palustris is very extensively used for building in the South. P. rigida, Pitch Pine, is extensively used for flooring and ship building. P. mitis, Yellow or Spruce Pine, and P. resinosa, Norway Pine, are extensively used for building purposes. P. palustris, P. mitis and P. resinosa have a very rich and lively appearance when used for interior finishing. The conclusion of the Eucalyptus controversy, as to its timber, is, that in this country it is useful for railroad ties and excellent for wharf piles and ship building, as it is never attacked by the teredo, but is not profitable for construction, which requires much working, it being too hard and the grain too much interlocked.

The barks of the Black, Scarlet and White

Oaks, Black, Silver and Golden Wattles,

Chestnut and Hemlock are used for tanning.

3904 Melon Street, Philadelphia.