4. The potential energy of the alcohol was transformed into kinetic energy in the body as completely as that of the ordinary nutrients. The income and outgo of energy were equal in the experiments without alcohol; the same was true in the experiments with alcohol. In all the experiments the body obeyed the law of conservation of energy.

5. With the exception of the energy of the external muscular work in the "work" experiments, all of the energy of the food, including that of the alcohol, left in the body as heat, must therefore have been transformed into heat within the body. Part of this total energy must have been used for the internal mechanical (muscular) work; the energy thus used was therefore transformed into heat before leaving the body.

6. The radiation of heat from the body was very slightly greater with the alcohol diet than with the ordinary diet, but the difference was extremely small, - enough to make only about 1 per cent. of the whole energy metabolized and not over 6 per cent. of the energy of the alcohol.

7. The efficiency of alcohol in the protection of body fat from consumption was very evident. The losses of fat were no larger and the gains no smaller with the alcohol diet than with the corresponding diet with no alcohol. In this respect there was no indication of any considerable difference between the alcohol and the nearly isodynamic amounts of fats and carbohydrates which it replaced. This was the case in all the experiments.

8. The efficiency of the alcohol in protecting body protein was evident, but it was not fully equal in this respect to the isodynamic amounts of the ordinary nutrients. The results, however, were not the same with the different subjects. With a man who had been accustomed to use alcoholic beverages, the difference between the alcohol diet and the ordinary diet in their apparent effects upon the nitrogen metabolism were small. With a man not accustomed to use alcohol, its use in the place of other nutrients resulted at first in an increased excretion of nitrogen in the urine and inferentially a greater catabolism of protein, but after five or six days the output of nitrogen fell to what seemed to be the amount with ordinary diet, and when the alcohol was removed and diet thus reduced there was an increase of the output. These results might imply that the alcohol at first failed to protect protein, but was afterwards able to do so. There was, however, but one series of experiments with this subject. On the whole, these experiments accord with the belief that with some persons, especially those who are not accustomed to the use of alcohol, it may fail to protect protein; but this action is temporary and the more permanent influence is to protect protein.

9. That a part of the potential energy of the alcohol was transformed into the kinetic energy of muscular work these experiments do not prove, though they make it highly probable. They imply that, so far as the utilization of the total energy of the diet was concerned, there was a slight advantage in economy in favor of the ordinary as compared with the alcohol diet, especially when the subjects were at hard muscular work, but the difference was inside the limits of experimental error and too small to be of practical consequence. On an average it was less than 1 per cent. of the total energy and hardly reached 5 per cent. of the energy of the alcohol. From this it follows that the energy of the alcohol was utilized nearly if not quite as well as that of the fats, sugar, and starch which it replaced.

10. We repeat that there is a very essential difference between the transformation of the potential energy of alcohol into the kinetic energy of heat, or of either internal or external muscular work, and the usefulness or harmfulness of alcohol as a part of ordinary diet. Regarding this latter question the experiments bring no more evidence than they do regarding the influence of alcohol upon the nervous system or its general effect upon health and welfare.

This work will probably be continued, and so far as it has gone, shows an undoubted food value to alcohol, yet for one in health, it is one of the most wasteful, irregular, uncertain, and often most injurious of all substances considered as foods.

With the sick man it is different. Here it stimulates and soothes and is rapidly burned up without undergoing primary assimilation, and here it furnishes kinetic energy to the system when greatly needed. The sick man burns up alcohol in his system much more rapidly than the well man. Alcohol in very small amounts appears to stimulate digestion, but in larger amounts retards it or stops it altogether.

Alcohol, nicotine, and morphine all diminish temperature, the first two by relaxing the blood-vessels and increasing perspiration and the latter by preventing all glandular and molecular activity. Alcohol in any form reduces the alkalinity of the blood, and is therefore bad in gouty and rheumatic diseases. Alcohol undoubtedly reduces the bactericidal action of the blood. A sober guinea-pig will withstand six times the dose of toxines that a drunken guinea-pig will. Alcohol's affinity for oxygen, of which it robs the blood, causes the loading of the blood with toxines, which result from imperfect oxidation of the tissues, and thus we see how the drunken guinea-pig succumbed before the sober guinea-pig.

Alcohol bloats human beings when taken in excess, and gives a false look of health in its earlier stages, followed later by repulsive looks in the individual. This bloat is an abnormal tissue, an unbalanced tissue, which should have been consumed by the vital processes in health by oxidation, but the alcohol has used up this oxygen and the normal oxidation of the fat did not go on, and hence it is stored up as useless, harmful, unbalanced tissue, and the victim is an unhealthy fat person, his earmarks being plainly visible, for he carries his own sign. He is a bloat.