A

1. What is the difference between a protective tariff and a tariff for revenue only ?

2. Why were the first tariffs not protective ?

3. Why was the South generally opposed to protection ?

4. Why was New England divided over the tariff about 1820?

5. Why was the tariff of 1828 called the "tariff of abominations" ?

6. Why are schedules used in tariff acts?

7. Why were tariff rates not lowered at the close of the Civil War?

8. Account for the various changes in the tariff between 1890 and 1909.

9. Why is the tariff likely to be a local issue ?

10. What benefits could possibly accrue to the people of Iowa by placing, if it were constitutional, a tariff duty on Pennsylvania iron? on Massachusetts cotton goods?

11. Why can there be no buying abroad without selling abroad?

12. What is the essence of the "infant industry" principle?

13. How has this principle been abused?

14. What is the relation of protection and nationalism ?

B

1. Make a list of goods you know to be of foreign manufacture. a. Which foreign countries are represented in the list?

6. What is the nature of the articles in the list?

i. Are they heavy?

ii. What raw materials have gone into their manufacture ? c. Why have they been imported and not made in this country?

2. Call to mind the most successful physician in your community.

a. Suppose that he is also a mechanical genius. i. Does he keep his own car in repair?

ii. Does he repair his surgical instruments?

b. Suppose that he is also the strongest man physically in the community, i. Does he make it a practice to mow his own lawn? ii. Does he help store the coal in his basement?

c. Suppose that he is also the most expert typist and office worker in the community. i. Does he do his own typing? ii. Does he keep his own books and answer his telephone?

d. Correct answers to these and similar questions which any one of us can raise, will aid in clearing our notions of protection.

3. Inquire among the business men of your community as to the attitude of each toward a protective tariff.

a. Which hold to views held by their fathers?

b. Which are interested in a business way in the tariff ?

c. Which believe strongly in nationalism? in internationalism?

d. How many have changed their views on protection since they first began to give the question serious thought ?

e. Learn why these views have been changed.

/. Would you say, after making this inquiry, that the average business man thinks seriously on protection and its effects? 4. Explain why your own community or congressional district is protectionist or free trade.

C

1. During the first half-century of our history many individuals and several sections of the country changed their opinions radically regarding the merits of protection.

a. Why did the South at first favor protection?

b. Account for Clay's zeal in supporting protection.

c. Why was New England divided over the question?

d. Would you expect any changes of opinion to have occurred in New York, Ohio, or Indiana? Explain.

2. At one time the friends of protection argued that the high wages of American workmen made high tariff rates necessary to protect the American manufactures that gave these workmen employment. Now the argument is that the tariff itself makes the wages of American workmen high.

a. Examine each argument.

b. Is either sound? Explain.

c. Are they inconsistent? Why, or why not?

d. What, in your opinion, is the relation of protection and wages ?

3. Examine the statement that "the tariff is a local issue." a. Which sections of the country invariably support or oppose protection ? 6. Can you think of any inducement that might cause free-trade senators to vote for protection? Explain.

c. How would you expect your congressman to vote on protection? Why?

d. Which is likely to be the stronger force, his own judgment or the interests of his district?

4. "Every purchase of foreign-made goods diminishes the demand for American labor." a. What is the basis of this statement ?

b. What, in the long run, is used to pay for foreign-made goods ?

c. Formulate your own opinion as to its correctness.

5. What lessons on protection did the Great War teach the United States.

Supplementary Reading

Bullock, Introduction to the Study of Economics, 3d ed., pages 387-410.

Ely, Principles of Economics, 3d ed., pages 368-383.

Fetter, Economics, Vol. II, pages 199-240.

Fisher, Elementary Principles of Economics, pages 194, 195, 207, 208,

337, 453, 454. Johnson, Introduction to Economics, pages 350-373. Seager, Principles of Economics, pages 383-398. Seligman, Principles of Economics, 5th ed., pages 597-612. Taussig, Principles of Economics, 2d ed., Vol. I, pages 508-546.