Shrinkage sideways and endwise, on tings of 3 inches and Less size, is compensated for by the shake in the sand given by t he moulder to the pattern in order to extract it from the mould. Castings, Small. -In very small castings requiring to be of correct size, allowance should be made in the pattern for the shake of the pattern in the sand, thus: A pattern of an inch cube will require to be made 1/32 inch Less endwise and sideways, and the usual allowance above an inch must be made on the top face of the pattern, which should have " top" marked on it; thus the shake endwise and sideways given to the pattern, in order to extract it without lifting the sand, will be allowed for in the size of the pattern. The effect of this shake in the sand is appreciable in patterns up to about four inches diameter. It is a common practice to cool brass castings in order to loosen or remove the sand from the surfaces. The effect is to place conflicting strains and tensions upon the whole skin of the metal, which will alter its shape when the outer skin of such faces is removed; so that, supposing the casting to be a cube, no one face will be either true of itself or with the others when it has been planed, no matter how true the surfacing may have been performed.