The following is one of the best methods of bending copper pipes of 1-in. and 1/2-in. diameter. First carefully anneal the pipe by heating it to a cherry-red. When the pipe is cold, tie brown paper round and over one end, insert this end in sand, and pour molten lead into the tube until it is quite full. If a firmly fixed bench is available, cut a hole in this a little larger than the tube, and chamfer the sharp edge off around the hole. Remove the paper at the end of the tube, and pass the tube through the hole in the bench to where the bend is to occur. Grasp firmly the top end of the tube, and pull it over against the rounded shoulder at the top of the hole; pass the tube a little farther through the hole and again bend, and repeat this operation until the desired curve is imparted to the tube. Should there be any bruises in the throat of the bend, work these out with a round-faced hammer, and then re-heat the tube until the lead runs out and leaves the interior clear.