This section is from the book "Safe Building", by Louis De Coppet Berg. Also available from Amazon: Code Check: An Illustrated Guide to Building a Safe House.
WOODS. | Shearing. | Modulus of Elasticity. e | Weight per Cubic ft. | ||||||||||||
Ultimate c | Safe c/f | Ultimate t | Safe t/f | Ultimate g or g1 | Safe g/f or g1/f | Ultimate k | Safe k/f | ||||||||
Acacia............ | ____________ | ___ | 11000 | 1100 | ___ | - - | 7000 | 1400 | 1150000 | 48 | |||||
Alder....................... | 6000 | 700 | 9500 | 1000 | _ - - _ | - - | 4000 | 800 | 800000 | 38 | |||||
Apple............. | ___ | ___ | 13000 | 1300 | ___ | - - | 4500 | 900 | - - | 50 | |||||
Ash, English.......... | 8000 | 800 | 10500 | 1000 | ___ | - - | 7800 | 1300 | 1200000 | 48 | |||||
,, | American......... | 8000 | 800 | 11000 | 1100 | g1 | = | 650 | 65 | 8000 | 1350 | 1250000 | 40 | ||
,, | ,, | across........ | 2060 | 200 | ___ | ___ | g | = | 6000 | 600 | - - | - | - - | ___ | |
,, | Canadian.............. | 5000 | 500 | 6500 | 650 | g1 | = | 1400 | 140 | 5000 | 850 | 1000000 | 38 | ||
Bamboo........... | ___ | ___ | 6000 | 600 | ___ | - - | - - | ___ | ___ | 25 | |||||
Baywood.......... | 7200 | 720 | 10500 | 1000 | ___ | - - | - - | - - | ___ | - - | |||||
Beech............ | 8000 | 800 | 8000 | 800 | g | = | 5000 | 500 | 6000 | 1000 | 1350000 | 48 | |||
Birch, English......... | 5000 | 500 | 10000 | 1000 | ___ | - - | 6000 | 1000 | 1250000 | 47 | |||||
,, | American........... | 8500 | 850 | 10000 | 1000 | g1 | = | 650 | 65 | 5800 | 950 | 1300000 | 43 | ||
,, | ,, | across....... | 1800 | 180 | ___ | ___ | = | 5t,00 | 550 | - - | - - | - - | - - | ||
Box........... | 10000 | 1000 | 15000 | 1500 | ___ | - - | 7500 | 1250 | 2000000 | 62 | |||||
Cendar........ | 6000 | 600 | 8000 | 800 | ___ | - - | 7000 | 800 | 500000 | 41 | |||||
",, | across........ | 1950 | 200 | ___ | ___ | g | = | 1400 | 140 | - - | - - | - - | - - | ||
Cherry........... | 8000 | 800 | ___ | ___ | ___ | - - | 4500 | 900 | 1200000 | 40 | |||||
,, | across......... | 2400 | 240 | ___ | ___ | g | = | 2900 | 290 | - - | - - | - - | - - | ||
Chestnut, American......... | 5300 | 530 | 8500 | 850 | g1 | = | 700 | 70 | 5400 | 900 | 750000 | 41 | |||
,, | ,, | across.... | 840 | 84 | ___ | ___ | g | = | 1500 | 150 | ___ | - - | ___ | - - | |
,, | English.......... | ___ | ___ | 10000 | 1000 | ___ | - - | 8000 | 800 | 1000000 | 38 | ||||
Crab .............. | 6800 | 680 | ___ | ___ | ___ | - - | 4500 | 750 | - - | ___ | |||||
Deal ................ | 6000 | 600 | 8500 | 850 | g1 | = | 625 | 60 | 4800 | 800 | - - | 30 | |||
Ebony............. | 18000 | 1800 | 18000 | 1800 | g | = | 7500 | 750 | 18000 | 2000 | - - | 76 | |||
Elde.................. | 8700 | 870 | 10000 | 1000 | ___ | - - | 4500 | 900 | - - | 43 | |||||
Elm, English.......... | 8000 | 800 | 8000 | 800 | g1 | = | 1200 | 120 | 5000 | 800 | 700000 | 35 | |||
,, | ,, | accoss........... | ___ | ___ | ___ | ___ | g | = | 3000 | 300 | - - | - | ___ | - - | |
,, | Canadian.................. | 8500 | 850 | 9000 | 900 | g1 | = | 1400 | 140 | 9000 | 900 | 2000000 | 47 | ||
,, | ,, | across......... | ___ | ___ | ___ | ___ | g | = | 5000 | 500 | - - | - - | - - | - - | |
Fir, Riga............ | 6000 | 600 | 7500 | 750 | ___ | ___ | 7000 | 700 | 870000 | 40 | |||||
",, | New Ingland............. | 6700 | 670 | 7500 | 750 | g1 | = | 690 | 70 | 4000 | 800 | l1000000 | 40 | ||
,, | ,, | across.............. | 1200 | 120 | 690 | 70 | ___ | ___ | - - | - - | - - | - - | |||
WOODS. | Compression. | Tension. | Shearing. | Modulus of Rupture. | Modulus of Elasticity. e | Weight per Cubic ft. | ||||||||||
Ultimate c | Safe c/f | Ultimate t | Safe t/f | Ultimate g or g1 | Safe g/f or g1 | Ultimate k | Safe k/f | |||||||||
Greenheart........ | 13000 | 1300 | 8000 | 800 | __ | - | 9500 | 950 | 1500000 | 65 | ||||||
Gum.......... | 7000 | 700 | 10500 | 1000 | 5900 | 600 | 6000 | 900 | 1400000 | 62 | ||||||
Hazel............ | __ | - | 12000 | 1200 | __ | - | - | - | - | ___ | ||||||
Hawthorn......... | __ | - | 7500 | 750 | ____ | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
Hemtock.......... | 4500 | 450 | 7000 | 700 | g1 | = | 500 | 50 | 4500 | 750 | 800000 | 26 | ||||
,, | across.............. | 600 | 60 | 550 | 55 | g | = | 2750 | 275 | ___ | ___ | ___ | ___ | |||
Hickory, American.......... | 9500 | 1000 | 10000 | 1000 | ___ | __ | 8000 | 1000 | 1100000 | 50 | ||||||
,, | ,, | across..... | 3000 | 300 | __ | __ | g | = | 6500 | 650 | ___ | ___ | ___ | ___ | ||
Holly............. | 5250 | 6-'5 | 10500 | 1000 | ___ | - | 4500 | 900 | - | - | ||||||
Horn beam............ | 6000 | 660 | 14000 | 1400 | - | - | 6000 | 1000 | 750000 | 47 | ||||||
Jugeb......... | __ | - | 12500 | 1250 | - | - | ___ | ___ | ___ | |||||||
Lancewood........ | - | - | 18000 | 1800 | - | - | - | - | ___ | 52 | ||||||
Larch............... | 4500 | 450 | 7000 | 700 | g1 | = | 1300 | 130 | 5500 | 700 | 1000000 | 35 | ||||
,, | across........ | 1300 | 130 | 1300 | 130 | g | = | 3000 | 300 | - | ___ | __ | ___ | |||
Lignum-vitae.......... | 9900 | 1000 | 10000 | 1000 | ___ | ___ | 8000 | 1000 | ___ | ___ | ||||||
Locust, American......... | 10000 | 1000 | 12000 | 1200 | g1 | = | 1150 | 120 | 10000 | 1100 | 1500000 | 46 | ||||
,, | ,, | across...... | 3000 | 300 | - | __ | g | = | 7200 | 720 | ___ | ___ | ||||
Mahogany .............. | 8200 | 820 | 11000 | 1100 | _______ | ___ | 6000 | 1000 ' | 1200000 | 43 | ||||||
,, | across......... | 2400 | 240 | __ | __ | - | - | __ | - | ___ | - | |||||
Maple........... | 6500 | 650 | 8000 | 800 | g1 | = | 450 | 45 | 7000 | 700 | 877000 | 45 | ||||
,, | across............. | 1875 | 200 | - | __ | g | = | 6000 | 600 | ___ | ___ | ___ | ||||
Oak, American, Red....... | 6000 | 600 | 8000 | 800 | g1 | = | 750 | 75 | 6500 | 800 | 1200000 | 52 | ||||
,, | ,, | White......... | 7200 | 720 | 11000 | 1100 | g1 | = | 800 | 80 | 7200 | 1100 | 900000 | 52 | ||
,, | ,, | ,, | across | 2400 | 240 | 2300 | 230 | g | = | 4400 | 440 | - | ___ | __ | - | |
,, | Black bog....... | - | - | 7700 | 770 | ___ | - | - | __ | __ | - | |||||
,, | Canadian........ | 6000 | 600 | 7500 | 750 | __ | ___ | 7000 | 750 | ___ | 54 | |||||
,, | Dantzic........... | 7500 | 750 | 6000 | 600 | g | = | 2300 | 230 | 6000 | 800 | 1105000 | 47 | |||
,, | English........... | 8300 | 830 | 12000 | 1200 | g1 | = | 2316 | 230 | 6S00 | 1100 | 873000 | 54 | |||
,, | ,, | across......... | 1800 | 200 | 2400 | 240 | g1 | = | 4000 | 400 | ___ | ___ | ___ | ___ | ||
,, | Live......... | 6850 | 700 | 11000 | 1100 | g1 | = | 700 | 70 | 7300 | 1100 | ___ | 69 | |||
,, | ,, | across............ | 4500 | 450 | - | __ | g | = | 8500 | 850 | ___ | ___ | - | ___ | ||
WOODS. | Compression. | Tension. | Sliearing. | Modulus of Rupture. | Modulus of Elasticity. e | Weight per Cubic ft. | |||||||||
Ultimate c | Safe c/f | Ultimate t | Safe t/f | Ultimate g or g1 | Safe g/forg1/f | Ultimate k | Safe k/f | ||||||||
Pear............. | 7500 | 750 | 8000 | 800 | - | - | 3400 | 700 | 800000 | 42 | |||||
Pine, American yellow........ | 5400 | 640 | 9000 | 900 | - | - | 6000 | 800 | 1100000 | 34 | |||||
,, | ,, | " | across | - | - | - | - | g | = | 4800 | 500 | - | - | __ | _ _ |
,, | ,, | red ......... | 6500 | 650 | 9000 | 900 | g1 | = | 650 | 63 | 6100 | 800 | 900000 | 36 | |
,, | ,, | white...... | 6500 | 550 | 9000 | 900 | g1 | = | 450 | 45 | 4000 | 900 | 850000 | 28 | |
,, | ,, | ,, | across | 700 | 70 | 550 | 60 | g | = | 2500 | 250 | - | - | __ | ___ |
,, | Canadian yellow........ | 6300 | 530 | 6000 | 600 | g1 | = | 350 | 40 | 4800 | 600 | 1000000 | 33 | ||
,, | ,, | ,, | across. | 1425 | 150 | ___ - | - | g | = | 4300 | 430 | - | - | - | |
Pine, Georgia yellow........ | 7400 | 750 | 12000 | 1200 | g1 | = | 600 | 50 | 7200 | 1200 | 1200000 | 48 | |||
,, | Georgia Yellow across | 1850 | 200 | _ | ___ | g | = | 5700 | 570 | ___ | _ | __ | __ | ||
,, | Pitch........ | 8000 | 900 | 10000 | 1000 | g1 | = | 510 | 50 | 6600 | 1000 | 1225000 | 65 | ||
,, | ,, | across........ | __ | - | - | - | g | = | 5000 | 500 | - | - | ___ | __ | |
Plum........ | 9000 | 900 | 8000 | 800 | - | 7000 | 900 | __ | 45 | ||||||
Poon......... | __ | - | 9000 | 900 | - | - | 8000 | 900 | 160000 | __ | |||||
Poplar (white wood)........... | 5000 | 600 | 5500 | 550 | g1 | = | 400 | 40 | 4500 | 600 | 762000 | 27 | |||
,, | across........ | 1000 | 100 | 1800 | 180 | g | = | 4400 | 440 | - | - | ___ | __ | ||
Redwood, California.......... | 6000 | 600 | 7300 | 750 | - | 4500 | 750 | ___ | 23 | ||||||
Spruee..................... | 6500 | 650 | 10000 | 1000 | g1 | = | 400 | 40 | 4400 | 1000 | 850000 | 30 | |||
,, | across........... | 750 | 75 | 650 | 60 | g | = | 3600 | 360 | - | _ | ___ | - | ||
Syceamore............. | 8100 | 810 | 10000 | 1000 | - | - | 6000 | 1000 | 1000000 | 40 | |||||
Teak................. | 12000 | 1200 | 14000 | 1400 | - | - | 8000 | 1300 | 1400000 | 46 | |||||
Walnut............ | 7000 | 700 | 8000 | 800 | - | - | 5500 | 800 | 900000 | 39 | |||||
,, | across......... | 2100 | 210 | - | - | 9 | = | 4000 | 400 | - | __ | __ | 39 | ||
Willow............ | 6000 | 600 | 8500 | 850 | - | - | 4500 | 800 | 566000 | 25 | |||||
Yew............ | - | - | 6000 | 600 | - | - | 7000 | 700 | __ | 50 | |||||
METALS. | Compression. | Tension. | Shearing. | Modulus of Rupture. | Modulus of Elasticity. e | Weight per Cubic ft. | |||||||
Ultimate c | Safe c/f | Ultimate t | Safe t/f | Ultimate g or g1 | Safe g/f or g1 | Ultimate k | Safe k/f | ||||||
Aluminium bronze...... | 130000 | 25000 | 73000 | 12000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Antimony, cast.......... | - | - | 1100 | 200 | - | - | - | - | - | 418 | |||
Bismuth............. | - | - | 3200 | 500 | - | - | - | - | - | 614 | |||
Brass, yellow, cast....... | 80000 | 8000 | 28000 | 4500 | 37000 | 0000 | 20000 | 5000 | 9000000 | 506 | |||
,, | - | - | 80000 | 8000 | - | - | - | - | 14000000 | 530 | |||
,, | ,, | annealed.......... | - | - | 50000 | 5000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Bronze, gun-metal............. | 120000 | 25000 | 32000 | 8000 | - | - | 53000 | 12500 | 10000000 | 529 | |||
,, | wire, unannealed......... | - | - | 150000 | 30000 | - | - | - | - | 10000000 | 520 | ||
,, | ,, | annealed.......... | - | - | 63000 | 13000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Copper, pure cast............ | 117000 | 25000 | 30000 | 10000 | 33000 | 11000 | 22000 | 7000 | 10000000 | 543 | |||
,, | cast........ | - | - | 25000 | 8000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
,, | sheet wrought........ | 103000 | 21000 | 31000 | 11000 | - | - | - | - | 15000000 | 556 | ||
,, | wire, unannealed....... | - | - | 63000 | 20000 | - | - | - | - | 18000000 | - | ||
,, | ,, | annealed............ | - | - | 36000 | 12000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
,, | bolts......... | - | - | 32000 | 11000 | - | - | - | - | - | 556 | ||
Gold, cast....... | - | - | 20000 | 5000 | - | - | - | - | - | 1204 | |||
,, | wire, unannealed.......... | - | - | 30000 | 7500 | - | - . | - | - | - | 1217 | ||
,, | ,, | annealed........... | - | - | 5000 | 1250 | - | - | _ | - | - | - | |
Iron, cast, Am,, 1" thick... | 85000 | 15000 | 16500 | 2500 | 18000 | 2500 | 40000 | 5000 | 15000000 | 454 | |||
,, | ,, | English.......... | 70000 | 13000 | 13000 | 2000 | 14000 | 2000 | 30000 | 4000 | 12000000 | 450 | |
,, | wrought, American.. | 47000 | 12000 | 50000 | 12000 | 40000 | 8000 | 40000 | 120 0 | 27000000 | 483 | ||
,, | ,, | English.......... | 35000 | 9000 | 45000 | 11000 | 30000 | 7000 | 31000 | 10000 | 260000000 | 480 | |
,, | corrugated............ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 40000 | 10000 | - | - | ||
,, | wire ropes, unannealed.. | - | - | 80000 | 20000 | - | - | - | - | 25300000 | 480 | ||
,, | ,, | " | annealed..... | - | - | 50000 | 12000 | - | - | - | - | 15000000 | - |
,, | chains............. | - | - | 35000 | 9000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
,, | welded with steel, 5 ply.. | - | - | 55500 | 14000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
METALS. | Compression. | Tension. | Shearing. | Modulus of Rupture. | Modulus of Elasticity. e | Weight per Cubic ft. | |||||||
Ultimate c | Safe c/f | Ultimate t | Safe t/f | Ultimate g or g1 | Safe g/f or g1/f | Ultimate k | Safe k/f | ||||||
Lead, sheet ........ | - | - | 2500 | 500 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
,, | cast..... | 7700 | 1200 | 2000 | 400 | - | - | - | - | 720000 | 712 | ||
,, | drawn pipe....... | - | - | 1700 | 350 | - | - | - | - | - | 709 | ||
,, | wire..... | - | - | 1400 | 300 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Mercury at 32o ............ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 851 | |||
Nickel....... | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 488 | |||
Palladium, wire | - | - | 50000 | 10000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
,, | drawn........ | - | - | 26000 | 5200 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
,, | annealed........... | - | - | 7100 | 1500 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Pewter......... | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 453 | |||
Platinum, wire, unannealed... | - | - | 55000 | 11000 | - | - | - | - | 1360 | ||||
,, | ,, | annealed..... | - | - | 25000 | 5000 | - | - | - | - | - | 1379 | |
Plumbago.......... | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 142 | |||
Silver, cast...... | - | - | 41000 | 8000 | - | - | - | - | - | 655 | |||
,, | annealed......... | - | - | 4300 | 900 | - | - | - | - | - | 658 | ||
,, | wire, unannealed........ | - | - | 38000 | 7600 | - | - | - | - | ||||
Solder, soft..................... | - | - | 7500 | 1200 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Steel. American, wrought. | 90000 | 15000 | 108000 | 18000 | 75000 | 12000 | 100000 | 16000 | 20000000 | 488 | |||
,, | English ................... | - | - | 95000 | 15000 | 65000 | 10000 | 80000 | 13000 | 28000000 | 490 | ||
,, | wire, unannealed........ | - | - | 160000 | 25000 | - | - | - | - | - | 490 | ||
,, | ,, | annealed.............. | - | - | 80000 | 13000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
,, | rope, galvanized............ | - | - | 6700 | 1200 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
chains........... | - | - | 42000 | 8500 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
,, | cast.............. | 150000 | 25000 | 85000 | 15000 | 57000 | 10000 | 125000 | 15000 | 30000000 | - | ||
,, | welded hard & soft, 5 ply | - | - | 63300 | 15000 | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Tin, cast........... | 15500 | 2500 | 5500 | 1000 | - | - | 4000 | 1000 | 4000000 | 462 | |||
,, | wire.................. | - | - | 7000 | 1200 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
METALS. | Compression. | Tension. | Shearing. | Modulus of Rupture. | Modulus of Elasticity. e | Weight per Cubic ft. | |||||
Ultimate c | Safe c/f | Ultimate t | Safe t/f | Ultimate g or g1 | Safe g/f or g1/f | Ultimate k | Safe k/f | ||||
Zinc......... | - | - | 12000 | 2000 | - | - | - | - | 13500000 | 449 | |
,, | wire........ | - | - | 20000 | 3300 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
,, | cast........ | 40000 | 7000 | 3300 | 600 | - | - | 7500 | 1200 | - | 438 |
MISCELLANEOUS. | |||||||||||
Bone....... | - | - | 5000 | 500 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Cement, Portland......... | 3000 | 300 | 500 | 50 | - | - | 900 | 90 | 800000 | 81 | |
Glass, common green...... | 28000 | 1500 | 2850 | 300 | - | - | 4000 | 400 | 8000000 | 173 | |
,, | crystal........ | 17000 | 1000 | 2413 | 240 | - | - | - | - | 5800000 | 157 |
,, | flint....... | 25000 | 1400 | 2300 | 230 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
,, | white crown..... | 30000 | 1000 | 2500 | 250 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
,, | plate......... | - | - | 5000 | 500 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ice, 32°............. | 230 | 20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6000000 | 57 | |
Ivory......... | - | - | 16000 | 1600 | - | - | - | - | - | 114 | |
Limestone......... | 7000 | 700 | 1000 | 100 | - | - | 1500 | 150 | 3300000 | 146 | |
Marble, Itlaian......... | 12000 | 1200 | 700 | 70 | - | - | 2080 | 200 | 2500000 | 168 | |
Mortar, lime.......... | 400 | 100 | 50 | 5 | - | - | 125 | 12 | 1285000 | 98 | |
,, | Portland cement...... | 2000 | 200 | 300 | 30 | - | - | 700 | 70 | 600000 | 109 |
Ox leather........... | - | - | 4200 | 400 | - | - | - | - | 240000 | - | |
Portland stone........ | 3500 | 350 | 900 | 90 | - | - | 1530 | 150 | 1600000 | 146 | |
Silk fibre.......... | - | - | 5200 | 520 | - | - | - | - | 1300000 | - | |
Skin ox undressed.......... | - | - | 6300 | 600 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Slate.............. | 11000 | 1100 | 10000 | 800 | - | - | 5000 | 500 | 12000000 | 160 | |
Ropes, hempen....... | - | - | 8000 | 800 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Whalebone............. | - | - | 7700 | 770 | - | - | - | - | 820000 | 81 | |
Yarn, flaxen............ | - | - | 25000 | 1500 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
 
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