This section is from the book "Everything About The Dogs", by Alvin George Eberhart. Also available from Amazon: Everything About Dogs.
Toy dogs and house pets which have little or no exercise out of doors, where they can dig and scrape the ground, and so wear the claws down, suffer from an overgrowth of them. The nail curls round, and, if not cut in time, it grows into the sole of the foot, causing soreness and lameness. The end's of the claws should be cut off with a pair of sharp, strong nippers, or nail clippers, such as one can buy at any cutler's for 7 5 cents. Puppies' toe nails, especially of those running on grass or on boards in winter, grow long and tend to spread the toes open, when the latter should be compact. Extreme care should be observed that only the dead white or light colored nails is cut off, and when the nail is dark, judgment must be exercised. It is best to clip little and often, and especially so if the nail has a tendency to grow in.
In cases which have been neglected, the process of removal should be gradual, a small portion being taken off every few days or so until the claws are of the normal length. If the sole or flesh has been penetrated, it will most likely fester, and should be freely bathed in warm water, and the "Unguentine" salve used to heal.
 
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