The appearance of the passages in either diarrhoea or constipation always gives some idea as to what is going on within the system. If the passages are clay colored, the secretion of bile is defective, or the bile passages are clogged. In any event, the liver is involved. If the passages are dark colored and of a greenish tinge, the liver is too active and too much bile is being poured into the bowels. Offensive smelling passages indicate liver trouble, intestinal irritation or digestive disorders. The presence of dark blood indicates irritation of the bowels. If the blood is bright red and there is much straining, a sharp bone is probably being passed. The constipation that usually accompanies fever is the result of a drying up of watery matter, which leaves the passage hard and chalky.

The whine or cry that dogs may utter will indicate to those who are familiar with them something of their condition, for, as a rule, while dogs bark upon the slightest provocation, they do not cry except when in serious trouble. A sharp cry will, of course, always suggest injury- In cases of diseases of the head, when dogs feel that a convulsion is coming on, they often utter a short, high-pitched cry that has a crazy sound. In rabies, one of the most characteristic symptoms is a peculiar wail, a coarse blended howl, that once heard will never be forgotten.

Pawing at the side of the head suggests ear troubles. Hearing, early in cases of brain trouble, is acute; later, after congestion becomes pronounced, it is defective. Lying on the belly, especially on a strip of cold concrete or wherever it is coolest, indicates a disordered liver. ' Standing with the legs braced or sitting up with the legs apart, so as to expand the chest, indicates pneumonia. The arched back indicates inflammation of the abdominal regions. The sore, painful gait, general soreness and pained expression indicate rheumatism, while a slow gait indicates debility or old age.

Indigestion, due to many causes, can always be suspected in aged dogs that go off in flesh and refuse to fatten, no matter how much they may eat. It is also to be suspected where the breath is foul and bowels irregular.

Tapeworm is a frequent cause of many obstinate forms of skin diseases that are recurrent and will not yield permanently to external treatment.