A Working Manual Of American Plumbing Practice | by William Beall Gray
Including approved fixtures, piping systems, house drainage, and modern methods of sanitation
| Title | A Working Manual Of American Plumbing Practice |
| Author | William Beall Gray, Charles B. Ball |
| Publisher | American Technical Society |
| Year | 1916 |
| Copyright | 1916, American Technical Society |
| Amazon | Plumbing |
By William Beall Gray, Sanitary Engineer Member, National Association Of Master Plumbers
And Charles B. Ball, Chief Sanitary Inspector, City Of Chicago American Society Of Civil Engineers
Illustrated
Introduction- MODERN methods of sanitation as well as the complications introduced by the development of the city building, have in late years placed responsibilities on the professional plumber far beyond the abil...
- Plumbing
- Plumbing occupies an important position among the trades as an application of Sanitary Science. Sanitary science is defined by an eminent authority* as that body of hvgienic knowledge, which, having...
- Plumbing. Part 2
- Lead pipe, as a rule, requires less trench work on ground lines than iron pipe, because drilling, even if very poorly aligned, will often suffice to get the pipe in place. There are numerous instances...
- Plumbing. Part 3
- Plumbing, in its advancement, is merely keeping pace with the allied lines on which it is dependent. Their progress has created new conditions to be met; and as the future plumber will hail from the r...
- Plumbing Fixtures
- Bathtubs. Bathtubs are a prime factor in plumbing. They are of various types: - (1) Wooden cases, with sheet-metal lining, usually copper, Fig. 1; (2) all copper, steel-clad copper, and all steel, sui...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 2
- The cheapest serviceable bath fittings are a Double Cock and Connected Waste and Overflow. These are shown in Fig. 10. Bell Supply and Waste fittings, a special type of which is shown in Fig. 11, are ...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 3
- Fig. 12. Top-Nozzle Supply and Waste Fittings.. In lieu of the full curtain and regular receptor capable of providing six to eight inches' depth of water, and having tub-like supply and waste fitting...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 4
- Fig. 1.7 Enameled-lron Sitz Bath with Complete Fittings. Courtesy of Crane Company, Chicago Drinking Fountains. Drinking fountains are now frequently used in stores, schools, and residences, the ...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 5
- Built-in lavatories similar to Fig. 23 are often used and with appropriate fittings are very effective. Porcelain and enameled-iron lavatories have bowl, back apron, and soap-cup in one piece. The pe...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 6
- Basin faucets, aside from special designs, are made on three general operating principles - (1) screw-compression; (2) eccentric action without springs; and (3) self-closing. They are also made in two...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 7
- Fig. 29. Individual Factory Lavatories Courtesy of The Trenton Potteries Company. Open strainers are most frequently fitted to sinks, in which case the sink cannot be then used for washing dishes,...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 8
- Fig. 31. Kitchen Sink and Single Laundry Tray Combined.. Traps which chill the grease are not used so much as those acting by simple flotation, but they do the work perfectly. The chilling proc-ce...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 9
- Fig. 35. Porcelain Enameled-lron Laundry Trays with Fittings Complete Courtesy of Crane Company, Chicago. Water=CIosets. Types of water-closets are innumerable, and are separable into classes accordi...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 10
- Fig. 36. Section of Combined Hopper and Trap Closet. Fig. 37. Section of Front Outlet Wash-Out Closet. The upper trap with water visible in the closet bowl in repose, is supplied by the after-...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 11
- Closets are operated with pull or push-button tanks requiring the attention of the user; and are also made of the seat-action type. Children are likely to be forgetful, and visitors to public toilet r...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 12
- The flush fittings of an open tank consist essentially of a valve to admit water to the flush pipe; an overflow always open to the flush pipe; and a lever and connection, with chain and pull or button...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 13
- Closets often also serve as urinals, especially in private houses. For limited service, this is not to be considered an actual abuse of the fixture, though general use of distinct urinal fixtures is i...
- Plumbing Fixtures. Part 14
- The lower trap of a double-trap range must be ventilated. All soil-pipe stacks into which ranges discharge, and fixtures connected to them, must be well protected against siphonage, because the volume...
- House Water Supply
- While the plumber is apt to give more attention to supply pipe, and to methods of installing it in buildings to secure specific service, water supply embraces also, in its broadest sense, the source a...
- House Water Supply. Continued
- Table I Head in feet Pressure pounds per square inch 1 .43 2 .86 3 1.30 4 1.73 5 2.16 6 2.59 7 ...
- Types Of Water Supply
- There are various ways in which it may be necessary to obtain the water supply for a building. The usual course in cities and towns is to employ the Municipal Water Works service. This, of course, set...
- Types Of Water Supply. Part 2
- Fig. 55. Plan of Storage Tank in Case Made of Planks Bolted Together.. Fig. 56. Cast-iron Sectional Tank.. Fig. 57. Marking Off Bottom Sheet of Lead for Tank Lining. Leaving Edge to be Turn...
- Types Of Water Supply. Part 3
- Fig. 63 shows the lining in place, and the method of applying the brace and straight-edge to the seams that are to be blown upright in position. Letters and parts in Figs. 62 and 63 correspond, N in F...
- Part II. Pumps
- A common suction pump, shown in Fig. 65, is the type generally used in cisterns or other very short lifts. B is the plunger; C, the bottom valve; and D, the plunger valve. When the plunger is drawn up...
- Part II. Pumps. Continued
- A pump being outside for the purpose of sprinkling, filling vessels, etc., need not interfere with employing it to deliver water underground to the house and up to elevated tank. A cock-spout, a packe...
- Washer And Hydrant
- Assuming that a house is to be piped from city pressure, the fixtures of the yard are nearly always a street washer and yard hydrant. The principle of these is the same; but the washer is primarily in...
- Service Pipes
- The supply to the house should have a stop and waste immediately outside the wall - or, preferably, just within the wall if the cellar is frost-proof. For outside use, the iron case box is best. Combi...
- Direct Supply
- The salient features of the supply system for city pressure, not already mentioned, are; separate shut-off cocks for the supplies of each fixture; separate lines to each isolated fixture or to each gr...
- Direct Supply. Part 2
- Shown in Fig. 75. The disadvantage of this job is that the cocks which stop the hot water to the bathroom are over the reservoir. While each fixture is controlled separately, by cocks in addition to ...
- Direct Supply. Part 3
- Fig. 79. Method of Connecting Reservoir to Two Water-Backs on Different Floors.. The means of heating may be a cast back or front, or a handmade pipe coil in the firebox. Air-traps favoring the fo...
- Direct Supply. Part 4
- The siphon hole, as it is termed, should be turned in the direction opposite the eccentric hole, which is for the hot-water exit, so that the stream of cold water which issues there when water is comi...
- Direct Supply. Part 5
- Ans. 7.4 sq. ft. 3. A hot-water storage tank has a steam coil consisting of 30 linear feet of 1-inch iron pipe. It is desired to connect a coal-burning heater for summer use, which shall have the sam...
- Filters
- Filters are of two classes. One class is designed to be attached to the end of the faucet or to special connection for drawing directly for use. The other is for use in the general house service, and ...
- Water Motors
- Water motors for general power purposes, of light nature but requiring comparatively high speed, are made on the rotary plan, a jet impinging on the blades. Others, often used for oscillating fans, op...
- Water Motors. Part 2
- Tank installations are so often remote from a plumber that every reasonable means should be provided for enabling the users to avoid trouble. A branch from the pump delivery, connecting with the cold ...
- Water Motors. Part 3
- Fig. 96 shows the distributing lines of a lead-supply tank installation. A is the pipe leading from the tank to the reservoir, the cold for bathroom being branched from it above. B is the main hot ser...
- Water Motors. Part 4
- The main cold supply from the tank is controlled by stop-cock No. 9. Just below the cock a small pipe is branched in, and carried up and curved over the top of the tank, to admit air when it is desire...
- Gas Piping
- Pipes and Governors. Gas piping is so closely allied to plumbing, since iron pipe has come into general use, that a brief notice of this branch is not out of place in connection with matters pertainin...
- Gas Piping. Part 2
- Fig. 101.Symbols Used in Piping Diagrams.. In reading plans of buildings, it is usual to have the front of the building, as represented by the plans, next to the person. Plans represent horizontal...
- Gas Piping. Part 3
- Fig. 103. Skeleton Diagrams of Bracket Pipes.. Fig. 104. Lines of Gaspipe in Frame Building, Showing How Pipes are Secured in Place. Coal gas, and natural gas of some locations, has a strong o...
- Gas Piping. Part 4
- Fig. 113. A Bunsen Burner.. Fig. 114. Gas Burner for Brazing.. Fig. 115. Single Gas-Cock With Stop-Pin.. Fig. 116. Double Gas-Cock with Stop-Pins.. Fig. 117. Elbow Gas-Cock with Sto...
- Gas Piping. Part 5
- Fig. 124. Gas Range for Family Use, with Ovens and. Water-Heater. The reflecting power of wall surfaces may be taken as follows: White paper, .80; chrome yellow, .60; orange, .50; yellow wall pap...
- Gas Piping. Part 6
- Carburetted air, made by varnishing air with gasoline, generally called gasoline gas, is very different from any of the gases mentioned. Carburetted air gas of standard quality contains 15 per cent of...
- Gas Piping. Part 7
- The shape and dimensions of the simple carburetter have been changed for the better by introducing pans which overflow from one to another when filling. The required superficial surface is obtained in...
- Part III. Methods Of Sewage Disposal
- The fact that no specific gas peculiar to sewers and drains is known, and that the analysis of air taken from the interior of soil pipes has sometimes shown fewer germs capable of producing specific d...
- Part III. Methods Of Sewage Disposal. Part 2
- The mention of this and other types of cesspools is not to be taken as a recommendation for their use, except when compulsory and after Careful consideration given to their design. A sparsely settled ...
- Part III. Methods Of Sewage Disposal. Part 3
- Fig. Ml. Well for Collecting Surface Drainage from Sub-Cellars, etc.,. Lifted and Discharged. A sanitary sewerage system cannot be installed until a public water supply has been provided. It is n...
- Sewer Design And Construction
- The first step is to lay out the pipe or conduit system. For this, the topographical map already mentioned will be found useful. This, however, should be supplemented by a profile of all the streets i...
- Sewage Purification
- Before taking up this subject in detail, it will be well to consider what sewage is, from a chemical standpoint. When fresh, sewage appears at the mouth of an outlet sewer as a milky-looking liquid w...
- The House Drainage System
- Assuming that the method of disposing of sewage and drainage is decided upon, the problem of how to pipe the house safely may be considered as presenting about the same conditions, whether the house d...
- The House Drainage System. Part 2
- Fig. 145. Return Bend Used to Terminate Air Inlet or Outlet Pipe.. When a trap loses its seal by waving out, the water, in flowing back to its normal position, gains momentum enough to throw some of ...
- The House Drainage System. Part 3
- When both the connections are in vertical lines as in Fig. 147, after the water passes X, it will probably reverse the current of air in the fresh-air pipe in some instances; but, were it possible to ...
- The House Drainage System. Part 4
- No. 151. Development of Pattern for Tapering Sleeve for Vent on a Flat Roof. Trap Ventilation. Needless multiplication of soil and vent connections is undesirable, but certain principles must be c...
- The House Drainage System. Part 5
- Fig. 156. Crown Vent Stack and Waste Stack Standing Close Together, Giving Loop Effect in Pipe Ventilation.. Fig. 157. Method of Securing Loop. Near Vent Stack. To avoid separate stacks for s...
- The House Drainage System. Part 6
- Fig. 161. Showing Layout of Soil, Waste, and Vent Pipes of Several Groups of. Superimposed Fixtures in Same Building. Slope. With due respect for appearance, all the fall possible should be given...
- The House Drainage System. Part 7
- Fig. 166. Roughing-in Connections for a Battery of Closets to be Set on a Tile Floor.. Fig. 167. Roughing-in for Adjacent Toilet-Rooms on Same Floor of Double-Flat Building. Local vent stacks ...
- The House Drainage System. Part 8
- Fig. 177. Single Y.. Fig. 178. DoubleY-Branch.. Fig. 179. Sanitary Tee.. Fig. 180. Double Sanitary Tee.. The return bend for cast soil-pipe is represented by Fig. 176; Fig. 181. Qu...
- The House Drainage System. Part 9
- Some plumbers pour in just enough lead to make a ring around, and calk it down reasonably tight on top of the yarn, before pouring the hub full. Unless very little yarn is used, this does not leave a ...
- Traps
- Traps are made in many forms, none of which combines every desirable feature. A trap with vertical drop at the inlet is considered best for the main intercepting trap, as it allows the incoming water ...
- Traps. Part 2
- Kinds of Traps. The kinds of fixture traps are innumerable. They can be divided into two general classes - those that seal with water only, and those that have a mechanical seal as an adjunct to that ...
- Traps. Part 3
- The lavatory trap shown in Fig. 206, has an interior weir as shown at A; but the wall is doubled in such a way as to betray defectiveness by water leakage. It is made of cast metal, and is furnished w...
- Tools Used In Plumbing
- Some of the tools used in executing pipe work will now be briefly described. Of the lead-pipe tools, Fig. 212 is a drift plug or pin used for removing accidental dents from, and rounding up, lead wast...
- Tools Used In Plumbing. Part 2
- With the exception of Fig. 222, all soldering bolts used by plumbers are made of copper, because this material absorbs and parts with heat rapidly. For zinc work, steel bolts are used for soldering, a...
- Tools Used In Plumbing. Part 3
- Other forms of pipe-cutters, with solid back and one wheel, or one wheel and two rollers, are made, the latter rolling the stock inward and making the burr so heavy that it should be reamed out. The w...
- Method Of Wiping Joints
- Watching somebody wipe joints, a clear description of how it is done, a thorough knowledge of the theoretical process, and acquaintance with the traits and qualities of the materials used, are essenti...
- Method Of Wiping Joints. Part 2
- Do little rubbing or passing on the edges. Let the solder stack up; dig some out of the top of the mass with the ladle to temper fresh solder from the pot, so that pouring a liberal stream instead of ...
- Method Of Wiping Joints. Part 3
- Fig. 239 is a supply-pipe branch with swell neck, much more difficult to wipe than the style shown in Fig. 238. Fig. 240 is a double-branch cross. This style of cross looks well, and is very easy to ...
- The Making Of Calked Joints
- In working cast-iron soil-pipe, frequent cutting, as it is termed, is necessary. To do this, all that is required is a hammer, and a cold chisel not too sharp. Make a line around the pipe as a guide, ...
- Testing Plumbing
- Peppermint and ether are now but little used to test the tightness of soil and waste pipe. Better methods prevail. When the roughing-in work is finished, a water test is applied. The openings for fixt...
- Plumbing Laws And Ordinances
- The municipal control of plumbing in the United States dates back only about twenty-five years, although some simple regulations were in effect in Lowell, Mass., and Providence, R. I., as early as 187...
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